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Mass Spectrometers01:16

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When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
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There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
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High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS)01:15

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The resolution of a mass spectrometer depends on the efficiency of separating ions with different ion masses. The mass of an atom is approximated to the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons inside, considering the masses of protons and neutrons as equal. However, the masses of the proton (1.6726 × 10−24 g) and neutron (1.6749 × 10−24 g) are not truly equal. There is a minor error in the expression of atomic masses relative to the simplest atom of hydrogen. For...
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NMR Spectrometers: Overview01:20

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NMR spectrometers consist of a strong magnet, a radiofrequency transmitter, and a detector attached to a computer console for recording spectra of samples containing NMR-active nuclei. In first-generation NMR instruments called continuous-wave spectrometers, the resonance frequencies of the nuclei are determined by frequency-sweep or field-sweep methods. The magnetic field strength is fixed and the rf signal is swept in the former, while the radiofrequency signal is fixed and the magnetic field...
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The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell.
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High-resolution mass spectrometers.

Alan G Marshall1, Christopher L Hendrickson

  • 1Florida State University, Tallahassee, 32310, USA. marshall@magnet.fsu.edu

Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry (Palo Alto, Calif.)
|July 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-resolution mass spectrometry enables detailed analysis of small molecules and large biomolecules. This technology allows for precise elemental composition determination and identification of proteins, lipids, and complexes.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biochemistry
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Mass spectrometry has advanced significantly due to instruments with higher mass-resolving power.
  • Accurate mass measurements are crucial for determining elemental compositions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the principles and techniques of high-resolution mass spectrometry.
  • To describe applications of high-resolution mass spectrometry.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing time-of-flight, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance, and Orbitrap mass analyzers.
  • Applying accurate mass measurements for elemental composition determination.

Main Results:

  • Simultaneous elemental composition determination for thousands of small molecules (up to 1000 Da).
  • Identification of proteins, lipids, and glycoconjugates at higher mass ranges.
  • Characterization of posttranslational modifications and binding surfaces of large biomolecule complexes (≥100,000 Da).

Conclusions:

  • High-resolution mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for analyzing diverse chemical and biological components.
  • The technology facilitates detailed characterization from small molecules to large protein complexes.