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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.
Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Sex hormones and autoimmunity.

Delia Almeida González1, Buenaventura Brito Díaz, María del Cristo Rodríguez Pérez

  • 1Research Unit of University Hospital Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Tenerife, Spain. delia38204@yahoo.com

Immunology Letters
|July 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Hormones significantly impact autoimmune diseases. Estrogens and androgens influence cytokine profiles, affecting conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus differently, with implications for treatment strategies.

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Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
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Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity

Published on: April 11, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
11:12

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity

Published on: April 11, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Autoimmune diseases disproportionately affect women, suggesting a role for sex hormones like estrogens.
  • Sex hormones, androgens and estrogens, modulate the balance between type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the differential roles of androgens and estrogens in autoimmune disease pathogenesis.
  • To understand how sex hormones influence Th1/Th2 immune responses in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on sex hormones and autoimmune diseases.
  • Analysis of cytokine profiles (type 1 vs. type 2) associated with different autoimmune conditions.
  • Examination of hormonal influences (estrogen, androgen) on immune regulation.

Main Results:

  • Androgens are linked to type 1 cytokine-driven autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis).
  • Estrogens are associated with type 2 cytokine-driven autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus).
  • Hormonal fluctuations, such as during pregnancy or post-partum, correlate with changes in autoimmune disease activity.

Conclusions:

  • Sex hormones play a critical role in sex-based disparities observed in autoimmune diseases.
  • Understanding hormonal regulation of Th1/Th2 balance offers potential therapeutic targets for autoimmune conditions.