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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Bacteriophages of the Human Virome01:23

Bacteriophages of the Human Virome

Bacteriophages are found throughout the human body. They may even outnumber eukaryotic viruses, forming an important and dynamic component of the human virome. Indeed, phages represent the most abundant viral entities, with densities in the gut reaching up to 10⁹ particles per gram of fecal matter, and many belonging to orders such as Caudovirales and Microviridae, while a substantial proportion remains unclassified as viral “dark matter.”Lysogeny and Genetic ExchangeIn the gut, bacteriophages...
What are Viruses?00:50

What are Viruses?

Overview
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
04:11

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

Hepatitis B virology for clinicians.

Edward C Doo1, Marc G Ghany

  • 1Liver Diseases Research Branch, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5450, USA.

Clinics in Liver Disease
|July 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Understanding the hepatitis B virus (HBV) life cycle is key for managing HBV infection. New therapies target viral replication, aiming for a cure by eliminating viral DNA from liver cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health concern.
  • Understanding the HBV life cycle is crucial for effective patient management and treatment strategies.
  • Atypical presentations of HBV infection necessitate a deep understanding of its molecular pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the clinically relevant molecular events of the HBV life cycle.
  • To provide a foundation for developing individualized patient management plans.
  • To highlight novel therapeutic targets for inhibiting HBV replication.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on HBV molecular biology.
  • Analysis of the HBV life cycle stages and their clinical implications.
  • Discussion of emerging therapeutic strategies targeting viral replication.

Main Results:

  • Detailed explanation of key molecular events in the HBV life cycle.
  • Identification of novel therapeutic targets including entry inhibitors, nucleocapsid inhibitors, and assembly inhibitors.
  • Emphasis on the need for strategies to eliminate covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA).

Conclusions:

  • A thorough grasp of the HBV life cycle is essential for optimal clinical management.
  • Novel therapeutic approaches are under investigation to inhibit HBV replication.
  • The ultimate goal of HBV therapy is the complete elimination of the virus, including cccDNA, from infected hepatocytes.