Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 25, 2026

Operation of a 25 KWth Calcium Looping Pilot-plant with High Oxygen Concentrations in the Calciner
Published on: October 25, 2017
Stable aerobic granules for continuous-flow reactors: Precipitating calcium and iron salts in granular interiors
Yu-Chuan Juang1, Adav Sunil S, Duu-Jong Lee
1Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
Abstract:
Aerobic sludge granules are compact, strong microbial aggregates that have excellent settling ability and capability to efficiently treat high-strength and toxic wastewaters. The aerobic granules cultivated with low ammonium and phosphates lost structural stability within 3 days in continuous-flow reactors. Conversely, stable aerobic granules were cultivated in substrate with high levels of ammonium salts that could stably exist for 216 days in continuous-flow reactors with or without submerged membrane. The scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy microanalysis and the confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging detected large amounts of calcium and iron precipitates in granule interiors. The Visual MINTEQ version 2.61 calculation showed that the phosphates and hydroxides were the main species in the precipitate.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Cell Inclusions
Gravimetry: Inorganic And Organic Precipitating Agents
Factors Affecting Solubility
Precipitation Processes
Colloidal precipitates
Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

