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Related Concept Videos

Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx as...
Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy01:26

Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy

Sigmoidoscopy and laparoscopy are distinct medical procedures that enable physicians to internally inspect different parts of the GI tract. Although they serve different purposes, each is essential for diagnosing and, in some cases, treating various medical conditions.
Sigmoidoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses a flexible sigmoidoscope equipped with a light source and camera to examine the rectum and sigmoid colon. The procedure involves inserting the tube through the anus...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

Procedural sedation.

John J Vargo1

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology
|July 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Endoscopist-directed propofol sedation is safe and effective for most patients, including those with obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesia-assisted sedation is not cost-effective for low-risk patients undergoing endoscopy.

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Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery
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Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery

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Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery
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Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Anesthesiology
  • Pulmonology

Background:

  • Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common condition that may affect procedural sedation.
  • Endoscopic procedures are frequently performed under sedation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments in endoscopic procedural sedation.
  • To evaluate the safety and efficacy of sedation techniques.
  • To assess policy implications for sedation practices.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on endoscopic procedural sedation.
  • Analysis of studies on obstructive sleep apnea and sedation outcomes.
  • Examination of large-scale international data on propofol sedation.
  • Cost-effectiveness analysis of different sedation approaches.

Main Results:

  • Studies on obstructive sleep apnea in endoscopy patients show no increased cardiopulmonary risk.
  • A global study of 646,080 patients found a low mortality rate (1 in 161,515) with endoscopist-directed propofol sedation, exclusively in high-risk patients.
  • Bag-mask ventilation was more frequent during upper endoscopy (0.1%) than colonoscopy (0.01%).

Conclusions:

  • Obstructive sleep apnea does not increase hypoxemia risk in ambulatory upper endoscopy patients.
  • Endoscopist-directed propofol sedation is well-tolerated in appropriately selected patients.
  • Anesthesia-assisted sedation is not cost-effective for American Society of Anesthesiologists class I and II patients undergoing endoscopy.