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Analysis of pulse modulation format in coded BOTDA sensors.

Marcelo A Soto1, Gabriele Bolognini, Fabrizio Di Pasquale

  • 1Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optimizing pulse modulation format in Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) sensors is crucial. Using return-to-zero (RZ) format with low duty cycles suppresses distortions, enabling accurate strain and temperature measurements.

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Area of Science:

  • Optical Sensing
  • Fiber Optic Sensors
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) is a key technology for distributed strain and temperature sensing.
  • Pulse coding techniques enhance BOTDA performance but can introduce distortions.
  • Non-return-to-zero (NRZ) modulation formats often cause significant distortions in the Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the impact of pulse modulation format on BOTDA sensors using pulse coding.
  • To investigate methods for mitigating distortions in BOTDA measurements.
  • To optimize modulation formats for accurate and high-resolution distributed sensing.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical and experimental analysis of pulse modulation formats in BOTDA.
  • Investigation of conventional non-return-to-zero (NRZ) and return-to-zero (RZ) modulation.
  • Evaluation of different duty-cycle conditions for RZ modulation in a 25 km sensing system.

Main Results:

  • NRZ modulation with pulse coding induces significant BGS distortions due to acoustic wave pre-excitation and non-uniform gain.
  • Return-to-zero (RZ) modulation with low duty cycles effectively suppresses these distortions.
  • Low duty-cycle RZ modulation enables accurate, high-resolution strain and temperature measurements with ~7.2 dB coding gain over 25 km.

Conclusions:

  • Pulse modulation format selection is critical for accurate BOTDA sensing.
  • Return-to-zero (RZ) modulation, particularly with low duty cycles, is superior to NRZ for pulse-coded BOTDA.
  • Optimized RZ modulation allows for high-resolution measurements while fully exploiting coding gain.