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Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Anesthesia and Intubation of Preadolescent Mouse Pups for Cardiothoracic Surgery
09:47

Anesthesia and Intubation of Preadolescent Mouse Pups for Cardiothoracic Surgery

Published on: June 2, 2022

Anaesthesia for fetal surgeries.

Kirti N Saxena1

  • 1Professor, Department of Anesthesiology & Intensive care, Maulana Azad Medical college, New Delhi.

Indian Journal of Anaesthesia
|July 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fetal surgery has evolved to treat congenital anomalies, offering interventions for life-threatening conditions. While risky for mother and fetus, advanced surgical techniques improve outcomes for severe birth defects.

Keywords:
Fetal interventionsFetal surgery

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Instrumentation of Near-term Fetal Sheep for Multivariate Chronic Non-anesthetized Recordings
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Continuous Telemetric In Utero Tracheal Pressure Measurements in Fetal Lambs
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Continuous Telemetric In Utero Tracheal Pressure Measurements in Fetal Lambs

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Anesthesia and Intubation of Preadolescent Mouse Pups for Cardiothoracic Surgery
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Anesthesia and Intubation of Preadolescent Mouse Pups for Cardiothoracic Surgery

Published on: June 2, 2022

Instrumentation of Near-term Fetal Sheep for Multivariate Chronic Non-anesthetized Recordings
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Instrumentation of Near-term Fetal Sheep for Multivariate Chronic Non-anesthetized Recordings

Published on: October 25, 2015

Continuous Telemetric In Utero Tracheal Pressure Measurements in Fetal Lambs
05:40

Continuous Telemetric In Utero Tracheal Pressure Measurements in Fetal Lambs

Published on: December 22, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Perinatal medicine
  • Fetal surgery
  • Congenital abnormalities

Background:

  • The concept of the fetus as a patient has evolved significantly.
  • Prenatal diagnosis enables observation of fetuses with anatomical abnormalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution and current status of fetal surgery.
  • To discuss indications, risks, and types of fetal surgical interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diagnostic imaging techniques for fetal anomalies.
  • Classification of fetal surgical interventions: EXIT, open, and minimally invasive procedures.

Main Results:

  • Congenital lesions like hydronephrosis and diaphragmatic hernia can be diagnosed prenatally.
  • Fetal surgery carries significant risks for both mother and fetus, including hemorrhage and infection.

Conclusions:

  • Fetal surgery is indicated for congenital lesions that compromise vital function or cause severe postnatal morbidity.
  • Advanced monitoring and surgical techniques are crucial for successful fetal interventions.