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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
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Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
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Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...
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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...
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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Measuring Local Anaphylaxis in Mice
07:49

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Published on: October 14, 2014

'Entopy': local allergy paradigm.

D G Powe1, A J Bonnin, N S Jones

  • 1Division of Histopathology, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals Trust, Nottingham, UK. des.powe@nottingham.ac.uk

Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|July 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Local mucosal allergy, or entopy, may occur in non-atopic individuals, suggesting mechanisms beyond IgE. This review explores entopy and alternative causes of non-atopic hypersensitivity.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Allergology
  • Otorhinolaryngology

Background:

  • Allergy is an immediate hypersensitivity immune response, classified as IgE or non-IgE mediated.
  • Atopy denotes a genetic predisposition to IgE-mediated allergies, but IgE-mediated disease can affect non-atopic individuals.
  • Local mucosal IgE is recognized in atopic disease, prompting the concept of 'entopy' for local allergy in non-atopic subjects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence for local mucosal allergy in atopic and non-atopic individuals, focusing on upper airway and eye conditions.
  • To discuss the diagnosis, treatment, and relationship between local and systemic allergies.
  • To explore alternative mechanisms, including antibodies and free light chains, for non-atopic hypersensitivity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on local mucosal allergy and entopy.
  • Analysis of evidence supporting local IgE and alternative mechanisms in allergic diseases.
  • Synthesis of information on diagnosis, treatment, and disease mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Increasing evidence supports the concept of entopy, local mucosal allergy in non-atopic individuals.
  • Entopy explains only a subset of non-atopic allergic diseases, indicating other underlying mechanisms.
  • Alternative mechanisms involving antibodies and free light chain immunoglobulins are proposed for entopy.

Conclusions:

  • Local mucosal hypersensitivity plays a role in both atopic and non-atopic individuals.
  • Entopy offers a paradigm for understanding some non-atopic allergic conditions.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the diverse mechanisms of non-atopic hypersensitivity.