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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
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Published on: September 20, 2024

Thyroid storm after pediatric levothyroxine ingestion.

Nima Majlesi1, Howard A Greller, Michael A McGuigan

  • 1Emergency Department, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY 10305, USA. nima.majlesi@gmail.com

Pediatrics
|July 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary

A child experienced a levothyroxine overdose, leading to severe hyperthyroidism symptoms. Prompt treatment with propranolol successfully managed the thyroid storm, highlighting the importance of timely intervention in pediatric thyroid hormone toxicity.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Clinical Toxicology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Levothyroxine is a synthetic thyroid hormone commonly prescribed for hypothyroidism.
  • Accidental overdose in children can lead to significant thyroid hormone toxicity.
  • Monitoring thyroid hormone levels is crucial in managing such cases.

Observation:

  • A 2-year-old ingested a large quantity of levothyroxine tablets, presenting with symptoms of hyperthyroidism.
  • Initial laboratory results showed markedly elevated total thyroxine (T4) and total triiodothyronine (T3) levels.
  • The child developed tachycardia, hyperthermia, vomiting, and lethargy.

Findings:

  • Treatment with oral propranolol, intravenous fluids, and ibuprofen led to stabilization of vital signs.
  • Serial thyroid hormone measurements demonstrated a gradual normalization of T3 and T4 levels.
  • Thyrotropin levels remained suppressed, consistent with exogenous thyroid hormone excess.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the potential severity of levothyroxine overdose in pediatric patients.
  • Beta-blocker therapy, such as propranolol, is effective in managing the acute symptoms of thyroid hormone toxicity.
  • Early recognition and management are critical for favorable outcomes in pediatric thyroid hormone ingestions.