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Related Concept Videos

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...

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Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Cultivate Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells from Children and Reprogram into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
12:08

Cultivate Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells from Children and Reprogram into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: March 10, 2016

Epigenetic memory in induced pluripotent stem cells.

K Kim1, A Doi, B Wen

  • 1Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA

Nature
|July 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is more effective than transcription-factor-based reprogramming for achieving pluripotency. SCNT-derived cells show fewer epigenetic memories, enabling broader differentiation potential compared to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).

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Published on: July 28, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and transcription-factor-based reprogramming are methods to generate pluripotent stem cells from adult cells.
  • Both methods reset genomic methylation, an epigenetic modification influencing gene expression.
  • Differences in reprogramming mechanisms suggest potential variations in the properties of resulting pluripotent stem cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the differences in epigenetic states and differentiation potential between SCNT-derived and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
  • To determine if epigenetic memory from the somatic tissue of origin influences the properties of iPSCs.
  • To compare the effectiveness of SCNT and factor-based reprogramming in establishing the ground state of pluripotency.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of DNA methylation patterns in low-passage iPSCs and SCNT-derived pluripotent stem cells.
  • Assessment of differentiation potential along various cell lineages.
  • Treatment of iPSCs with chromatin-modifying drugs to investigate epigenetic memory reset.

Main Results:

  • iPSCs retain residual DNA methylation signatures from their somatic tissue of origin, favoring donor-specific differentiation.
  • This 'epigenetic memory' in iPSCs restricts alternative cell fates but can be reset.
  • SCNT-derived pluripotent stem cells exhibit differentiation and methylation patterns more akin to embryonic stem cells than iPSCs.

Conclusions:

  • SCNT is more effective than factor-based reprogramming at establishing the ground state of pluripotency.
  • Factor-based reprogramming can leave an epigenetic memory that influences directed differentiation.
  • Understanding these epigenetic differences is crucial for applications in disease modeling and regenerative medicine.