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Related Concept Videos

What is an Electrochemical Gradient?01:26

What is an Electrochemical Gradient?

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is considered the primary energy source in cells. However, energy can also be stored in the electrochemical gradient of an ion across the plasma membrane, which is determined by two factors: its chemical and electrical gradients.The chemical gradient relies on differences in the abundance of a substance on the outside versus the inside of a cell and flows from areas of high to low ion concentration. In contrast, the electrical gradient revolves around an ion’s...
Electrochemical Systems01:24

Electrochemical Systems

Electrochemical systems provide a fascinating insight into the dynamic interplay of charged species within various phases. One notable example is the interaction between a membrane permeable to K⁺ ions but not to Cl⁻ ions, separating an aqueous KCl solution from pure water. As K⁺ ions diffuse through the membrane, they generate net charges on each phase, leading to a potential difference between them.Similarly, when a piece of Zn is immersed in an aqueous ZnSO₄ solution, the Zn metal, composed...
Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview01:21

Electrochemical Gradient and Channel Proteins: An Overview

An electrochemical gradient is a fundamental concept in biology and chemistry. It regulates the movement of ions across cell membranes. This movement is influenced by two factors:
The electrical gradient: The electrical gradient across cell membranes refers to the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a cell.  This difference drives the movement of ions towards or away from the cells. For instance, if the inside of the cell is more negatively charged relative to the...
The Electrical Double Layer01:30

The Electrical Double Layer

In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...
Concentration Cells01:29

Concentration Cells

A concentration cell is an electrochemical cell in which the emf arises from a difference in concentration of a species between two half-cells. Unlike galvanic cells, where electrical energy comes from a chemical reaction, the driving force here is the transfer of matter from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration. The overall process is therefore physical in nature. A classic illustration is a cell made of two chlorine electrodes operating at different chlorine gas...
Concentration Cells02:41

Concentration Cells

A concentration cell is a type of a voltaic cell constructed by connecting two almost identical half-cells, both based on the same half-reaction and using the same electrode, differing only in the concentration of one redox species. A concentration cell's potential, therefore, is determined only by the concentration difference of the particular redox species.
Consider the following voltaic cell:

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Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions
08:41

Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

Published on: September 7, 2018

Induced charge electro-osmotic concentration gradient generator.

Mranal Jain, Anthony Yeung, K Nandakumar

    Biomicrofluidics
    |July 21, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces a novel microfluidic device using induced charge electro-osmosis (ICEO) to generate controllable biomolecule gradients. The device allows dynamic switching between linear and nonlinear gradients for cell studies.

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    Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

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    AC Electrokinetic Phenomena Generated by Microelectrode Structures
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    Published on: February 23, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Biomolecular Engineering
    • Microfluidics
    • Cellular Biology

    Background:

    • Biomolecule gradients are crucial for understanding cell behavior like growth, migration, and differentiation.
    • Existing microfluidic gradient generators are often complex and lack dynamic control.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a novel microfluidic gradient generator with dynamic controllability.
    • To create tunable linear and nonlinear concentration gradients using induced charge electro-osmosis (ICEO).

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized induced charge electro-osmosis (ICEO) by incorporating a conducting obstacle in a microchannel.
    • Explored the interplay between fixed charge electro-osmotic and ICEO flows.
    • Varied applied electric fields and obstacle size to control gradient characteristics.

    Main Results:

    • Generated significant transverse convection for creating nonlinear and asymmetric gradients.
    • Demonstrated the ability to switch between linear and nonlinear gradients by altering the electric field.
    • Achieved user-defined concentration profiles (linear, convex, concave) by adjusting obstacle size.

    Conclusions:

    • The novel ICEO-based microfluidic device offers precise and dynamic control over biomolecule gradient generation.
    • This technology enables the creation of user-defined concentration profiles for advanced cell studies.
    • The device overcomes limitations of geometric complexity and lack of controllability in previous designs.