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Related Concept Videos

Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal chance to...
Transposons01:24

Transposons

Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Transgenic Organisms00:53

Transgenic Organisms

Overview
Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...

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Gene Trapping Using Gal4 in Zebrafish
13:34

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Published on: September 29, 2013

Multiply expressed tRNA genes?

Smarajit Das1, Sanga Mitra, Jayprokas Chakrabarti

  • 1Computational Biology Group, Indian Association for Cultivation of Science, Calcutta 700 032, India.

Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics
|July 22, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Some non-coding genes can produce multiple RNA products through intron repositioning and exon-intron shuffling. This study found up to four distinct RNAs encoded within a single composite transfer RNA (tRNA) gene, challenging previous assumptions.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Coding genes (mRNA) utilize intron and exon shuffling for diverse amino-acid chain expression.
  • Computational studies suggest non-coding genes might also produce multiple products via similar mechanisms.
  • Existing research indicates a potential for analogous mechanisms in non-coding gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential for multiple RNA products from single non-coding genes.
  • To explore the role of intron repositioning and exon-intron shuffling in non-coding gene expression.
  • To identify and characterize novel RNA molecules derived from non-coding genes.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis of non-coding gene sequences.
  • Computational modeling of RNA secondary structures.
  • Identification of conserved sequences and structural motifs within RNA products.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests that some non-coding genes can generate more than two distinct RNA products.
  • Intron repositioning and partial exon-intron shuffling were observed to create novel putative transfer RNAs (tRNAs).
  • Up to four different RNAs were found to be cryptically encoded within a single composite tRNA gene.

Conclusions:

  • The study supports the hypothesis that single non-coding genes can yield multiple RNA products.
  • The high fidelity and conserved sequences of embedded tRNAs are crucial for this phenomenon.
  • This finding expands our understanding of gene expression complexity beyond coding sequences.