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Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Enhancing Efficiency and Radiolabeling Yields of Carbon-11 Radioligands for Clinical Research Using the Loop Method
Published on: December 20, 2024
Carbon-11 labeled tracers for in vivo imaging P-glycoprotein function: kinetics, advantages and disadvantages
G Luurtsema1, G L Verbeek, M Lubberink
1University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands. g.luurtsema@ngmb.umcg.nl
Abstract:
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a drug efflux transporter with broad substrate specificity localized in the blood-brain barrier and in several peripheral organs. In order to understand the role of P-gp in physiological and patho-physiological conditions, several carbon-11 labelled P-gp tracers have been developed and validated. This review provides an overview of the spectrum of radiopharmaceuticals that is available for this purpose. A short overview of the physiology of the blood-brain barrier in health and disease is also provided. Tracer kinetic modelling for quantitative analysis of P-gp function and expression is highlighted, and the advantages and disadvantages of the various tracers are discussed.
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