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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

[Micromedullary thyroid carcinoma: school experience].

S Palermo¹, F M Di Matteo, G Savino

¹Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Sapienza Universitá di Roma, Italy.

Il Giornale Di Chirurgia

|July 22, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Medullary microcarcinomas are rare thyroid tumors. For sporadic cases, total thyroidectomy with central lymph node dissection is recommended; incidental findings suggest total thyroidectomy alone.

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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Oncology
Surgical Pathology

Context:

Medullary microcarcinoma (≤1 cm) diagnosis is often incidental or linked to calcitonin levels.
Optimal surgical management for medullary microcarcinoma remains debated due to limited case numbers and varied approaches.

Purpose:

To evaluate the efficacy of surgical interventions for medullary thyroid microcarcinoma.
To determine the optimal surgical strategy based on tumor presentation (sporadic vs. incidental).

Summary:

A study of 17 patients with medullary microcarcinoma found central lymph node metastases in 33.3%.
The findings support total thyroidectomy with central compartment lymphadenectomy for sporadic medullary microcarcinoma.
Total thyroidectomy without lymphadenectomy is suggested for incidentally discovered microcarcinomas.

Impact:

Provides evidence-based recommendations for surgical treatment of medullary microcarcinoma.
Aims to improve patient outcomes by tailoring surgical approach to microcarcinoma type.