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Related Concept Videos

Antiprotozoal Agents01:21

Antiprotozoal Agents

Leishmaniasis is a widespread parasitic disease caused by several Leishmania species. It affects millions of people each year and remains a major public health problem in endemic regions. First-line treatment relies on pentavalent antimonials, including meglumine antimoniate and sodium stibogluconate. Even so, how these drugs work has not been fully clear, especially their interaction with parasite-specific biochemical pathways. One key target is trypanothione reductase (TR), an enzyme that...
American Trypanosomiasis01:22

American Trypanosomiasis

Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is a vector-borne parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a flagellated protozoan (kinetoplastid) of the family Trypanosomatidae. The disease is endemic in Latin America, although cases are increasingly reported worldwide due to human migration. Transmission most commonly occurs when feces of infected triatomine bugs contaminate bite wounds or mucosal surfaces; additional routes include congenital, transfusional, transplant-related, and oral...
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
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Anthelminthic Agents01:15

Anthelminthic Agents

Anthelmintic drugs differ significantly from antiparasitic therapies targeting protozoa, primarily due to differences in parasite biology. Whereas most protozoal treatments act on proliferating cells, anthelmintics are typically directed against mature, nonproliferative helminths. The therapeutic approach considers the helminth's reliance on neuromuscular coordination, glucose metabolism, and microtubular integrity for survival, reproduction, and localization within the host. Most anthelmintics...
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Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence

Pathogenic bacteria employ a variety of strategies to establish infections, including the secretion of extracellular enzymes that act as potent virulence factors. These enzymes facilitate bacterial colonization of host tissues and help evade immune surveillance. By targeting structural components of host tissues and interfering with immune mechanisms, these enzymes play a pivotal role in disease progression.Extracellular Enzymes Facilitating Tissue Invasion: Several bacterial pathogens secrete...

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Related Experiment Video

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Transient Expression of Proteins by Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery in Mice
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Transient Expression of Proteins by Hydrodynamic Gene Delivery in Mice

Published on: May 5, 2014

The trypanolytic factor-mechanism, impacts and applications.

Richard J Wheeler1

  • 1Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK. richard.wheeler@path.ox.ac.uk

Trends in Parasitology
|July 22, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Human serum

Area of Science:

  • Parasitology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Human serum contains trypanolytic factor (TLF) that lyses Trypanosoma brucei brucei.
  • Apolipoprotein L1 (ApoL1) in high-density lipoprotein is the primary lysis-inducing component of TLF.
  • Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense evades lysis through its serum resistance-associated (SRA) protein.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advances in understanding TLF-mediated lysis of Trypanosoma brucei.
  • To highlight the role of apolipoprotein L1 (ApoL1) and the haptoglobin-related protein receptor in parasite lysis.
  • To discuss the mechanism of resistance employed by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Trypanosoma brucei lysis and resistance mechanisms.

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Bioluminescence Imaging to Detect Late Stage Infection of African Trypanosomiasis
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  • Analysis of the molecular components involved in TLF-mediated lysis (ApoL1, haptoglobin-related protein receptor).
  • Examination of the role of the serum resistance-associated (SRA) protein in parasite survival.

    • Main Results:

    • Apolipoprotein L1 (ApoL1) is identified as the key component of TLF responsible for lysing Trypanosoma brucei brucei.
    • Uptake of TLF into the parasite is mediated by the haptoglobin-related protein receptor.
    • The serum resistance-associated (SRA) protein confers resistance to TLF lysis in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.
    • Transgenic animals expressing ApoL1 demonstrate resistance to both T. b. brucei and T. b. rhodesiense infections.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding ApoL1's mechanism provides insights into parasite susceptibility.
    • The SRA protein represents a critical factor for parasite survival in human serum.
    • Transgenic ApoL1 expression offers a promising strategy for controlling African trypanosomiasis.