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Cirrhosis I: Introduction

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Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...

Liver Regeneration

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Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Published on: September 30, 2021

[Hepatocellular carcinoma].

Shunsuke Kondo¹, Hideki Ueno, Chigusa Morizane

¹Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.

Gan to Kagaku Ryoho. Cancer & Chemotherapy

|July 22, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Sorafenib improves outcomes for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma but has limitations. New targeted therapies and oral fluoropyrimidines like S-1 are being developed to improve treatment for this liver cancer.

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An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

Published on: September 12, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Published on: September 30, 2021

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

Published on: September 12, 2019

Area of Science:

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) research
Oncology drug development
Clinical trial analysis

Context:

Sorafenib is a standard treatment for advanced HCC, showing benefits in disease control, progression-free survival, and overall survival.
Existing treatments for advanced HCC have limitations in survival benefit and toxicity.
There is a need for novel therapeutic agents in advanced HCC management.

Purpose:

To review the current landscape of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treatment.
To highlight the limitations of sorafenib and the ongoing development of new therapeutic agents.
To discuss the role of molecular targeted drugs and systemic chemotherapy in HCC.

Summary:

Two randomized controlled trials demonstrated sorafenib's efficacy in advanced HCC compared to placebo.
Despite sorafenib's acceptance, insufficient survival benefits and toxicity drive the development of new agents.
Research focuses on molecular targeted drugs for tumor growth and angiogenesis, with S-1 under evaluation.

Impact:

Sorafenib is a globally recognized standard for advanced HCC.
The development of novel agents is crucial for improving patient outcomes in HCC.
Advancements in systemic chemotherapy are expected to further enhance HCC treatment strategies.