Activated Q-cycle as a common mechanism for cytochrome bc1 and cytochrome b6f complexes

Cytochrome bc(1)-complexes of animals and bacteria (hereafter bc(1)), as well as related cytochrome b(6)f complexes of plants and cyanobacteria (hereafter bf) are dimeric quinol:cytochrome c/plastocyanin oxidoreductases capable of translocating protons across energy-converting membranes. The commonly accepted Q-cycle mechanism suggests that these enzymes oxidize two quinol molecules in their catalytic centers P to yield one quinol molecule in another catalytic center N. Earlier, based upon data on flash-induced redox changes of cytochromes b and c(1), voltage generation, and proton transfer in membrane vesicles of Rhodobacter capsulatus, we have put forward a scheme of an "activated Q-cycle" for the bc(1). The scheme suggests that the bc(1) dimers, being "activated" by injection of electrons from the membrane ubiquinol pool via centers N, steadily contain two electrons in their cytochrome b moieties under physiological conditions, most likely, as a bound semiquinone in center N of one monomer and a reduced high-potential heme b in the other monomer. Then the oxidation of each ubiquinol molecule in centers P of an activated bc(1) should result in a complete catalytic cycle leading to the formation of a ubiquinole molecule in the one of enzyme's centers N and to voltage generation. Here it is argued that a similar pre-loading by two electrons can explain the available data on flash-induced reactions in cytochrome b(6)f-complexes of green plants and cyanobacteria.