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[S. Pyogenes invasive disease in a paediatric hospital: 1996-2009]
Joana Serra Caetano1, Paula Neto, Manuela Costa Alves
1Unidade de Infecciologia, Hospital Pediátrico de Coimbra, Coimbra.
Insights
Invasive Group A Streptococcal disease in children increased in the latter half of the 14-year study period. Early identification and intervention are crucial, especially in children with risk factors like varicella, to prevent severe outcomes such as toxic shock syndrome.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases
- Bacteriology
- Epidemiology
Context:
- Group A Streptococcus (S. pyogenes) is a common pediatric pathogen causing diverse infections.
- Invasive S. pyogenes infections can lead to severe illness and mortality in children.
- Understanding temporal trends of invasive S. pyogenes disease is vital for public health surveillance.
Purpose:
- To evaluate trends in invasive Group A Streptococcal disease in a pediatric tertiary care setting.
- To analyze the clinical characteristics and outcomes of invasive S. pyogenes infections in children over a 14-year period.
Summary:
- A retrospective analysis identified 24 cases of invasive S. pyogenes disease from 1996-2009, with a notable increase in the second half of the study.
- Common manifestations included fever, rash, and arthralgia, with bacteremia and osteoarticular infections being frequent diagnoses.
- While most outcomes were favorable, two deaths occurred due to toxic shock syndrome, highlighting the potential severity.
Impact:
- The findings suggest a potential rise in invasive S. pyogenes infections in children, necessitating ongoing monitoring.
- Identifying risk factors, such as concurrent varicella infection, aids in early diagnosis and management.
- Further microbiological studies are needed to elucidate the role of specific M types and virulence factors in disease pathogenesis.
Introduction:
S. pyogenes is among the most common bacteria in Pediatrics, and is associated with a wide variety of infections and large range of severity.
Aims:
The aim was to evaluate trends of Group A Streptococcal invasive disease in a paediatric tertiary hospital.
Methods:
Retrospective analyses of the medical records of all children with group A streptococcal invasive disease (positive culture obtained from sterile sites), from January 1996 to December 2009 (14 years).
Results:
There were 24 cases, with a maximum of four cases/year. Eighteen cases (75%) ocurred in the second half of the study. Sixty-seven percent were boys and the median age was three years. The most frequent clinical manifestations were fever (79%), rash (54%) and arthalgia/limbs' pain (46%). The diagnoses were bacteriemia (six), osteoarticular infection (five), celulitis (three), pyomyositis, mastoiditis, surgical wound infection, toxic shock syndrome (two each), necrotizing fasciitis and pneumonia (one each). Four cases occurred during the course of varicella. Other risk factors were present in six cases. Median neutrophyl count was 10.690 x 105/L (2.013-19.180 x 105/L) and median C reactive protein was 146 mg/L (3-425 mg/L). Bacteria were isolated mainly from blood (71%). The outcome was good for most cases but there were two deaths due to toxic shock syndrome. M typing and the presence of virulence factors genes were not assessed.
Conclusion:
Although the number is small, there was an increase of S. pyogenes invasive disease in the second half of the study. Several cases occurred in the course of varicela or in the presence of other risk factors. Fatal outcome was associated with two toxic shock syndrome cases. Microbiological investigation is essential to understand which M types or virulence factors genes are involved.
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