Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction

Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction

Introduction
Alkylation of terminal alkynes with primary alkyl halides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide is one of the common methods for the synthesis of longer carbon-chain alkynes. For example, treatment of 1-propyne with sodium amide followed by reaction with ethyl bromide yields 2-pentyne.

Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis

Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis

Direct alkylation of ammonia produces polyalkylated amines, along with a quaternary ammonium salt. To exclusively prepare primary amines, the azide synthesis method can be used.
Azide ions act as good nucleophiles and react with unhindered alkyl halides to form alkyl azides. Alkyl azides do not participate in further nucleophilic substitution reactions, thereby eliminating the chances of polyalkylated products. Alkyl azides are reduced by hydride-based reducing agents, like lithium aluminum...

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

Introduction
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Hydrohalogenation

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Hydrohalogenation

Electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides, HX (X = Cl, Br or I) to alkenes forms alkyl halides as per Markovnikov's rule, where the hydrogen gets added to the less substituted carbon of the double bond. Hydrohalogenation of alkynes takes place in a similar manner, with the first addition of HX forming a vinyl halide and the second giving a geminal dihalide.

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is confirmed through isotopic...

Preparation of Alkynes: Dehydrohalogenation

Preparation of Alkynes: Dehydrohalogenation

Introduction
Alkynes can be prepared by dehydrohalogenation of vicinal or geminal dihalides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide in liquid ammonia. The reaction proceeds with the loss of two equivalents of hydrogen halide (HX) via two successive E2 elimination reactions.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Synergistic Virus Neutralizing Activities of European Black Elderberry Fruit Extract and Iota-Carrageenan Against SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A Virus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

Nutrients·2026

Same author

Patient Benefits in the Context of Sepsis-Related AI-Based Clinical Decision Support Systems: Scoping Review.

Journal of medical Internet research·2026

Same author

Author Correction: Transcriptional synergy between Tat and PCAF is dependent on the binding of acetylated Tat to the PCAF bromodomain.

The EMBO journal·2025

Same author

Improving AI-Based Clinical Decision Support Systems and Their Integration Into Care From the Perspective of Experts: Interview Study Among Different Stakeholders.

JMIR medical informatics·2025

Same author

Synergistic Antiviral Activity of European Black Elderberry Fruit Extract and Quinine Against SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Virusa.

Nutrients·2025

Same author

Problems and Barriers Related to the Use of AI-Based Clinical Decision Support Systems: Interview Study.

Journal of medical Internet research·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Chemoselective Modification of Viral Surfaces via Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry

Chemoselective Modification of Viral Surfaces via Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry

Published on: August 19, 2012

Clusters for alkyne-azide click reactions.

Philipp Heinz¹, Michael Puchberger, Maria Bendova

¹Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060, Wien, Austria.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)

|July 27, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

New titanium and zirconium clusters with acetylenic ligands were synthesized. These clusters show potential for creating novel inorganic-organic hybrid materials using click chemistry.

More Related Videos

Preparation of Contiguous Bisaziridines for Regioselective Ring-Opening Reactions

Preparation of Contiguous Bisaziridines for Regioselective Ring-Opening Reactions

Published on: July 28, 2022

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Published on: August 22, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Chemoselective Modification of Viral Surfaces via Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry

Chemoselective Modification of Viral Surfaces via Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry

Published on: August 19, 2012

Preparation of Contiguous Bisaziridines for Regioselective Ring-Opening Reactions

Preparation of Contiguous Bisaziridines for Regioselective Ring-Opening Reactions

Published on: July 28, 2022

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Published on: August 22, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Inorganic Chemistry
Nanotechnology

Background:

Metal-organic clusters are building blocks for advanced materials.
Acetylenic functional groups enable versatile chemical modifications.
Click chemistry offers efficient and selective conjugation methods.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize novel titanium and zirconium clusters with acetylenic carboxylate ligands.
To evaluate the suitability of these clusters for constructing inorganic-organic hybrid materials.
To explore the application of alkyne-azide click reactions in cluster functionalization.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of titanium and zirconium clusters.
Structural characterization using techniques like X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy.
Evaluation of reactivity in model click reactions.

Main Results:

Successful preparation and structural elucidation of Ti(6) and Zr(6) clusters featuring acetylenic carboxylate ligands.
Demonstration of the clusters' stability in solution and crystalline states.
Confirmation of their suitability as precursors for inorganic-organic hybrid materials via click chemistry.

Conclusions:

The synthesized titanium and zirconium clusters are promising precursors for advanced hybrid materials.
Alkyne-azide click reactions provide an effective route for integrating these clusters into hybrid architectures.
This work opens avenues for designing novel functional materials with tailored properties.