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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...

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Single Cell Collection of Trophoblast Cells in Peri-implantation Stage Human Embryos
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Functional full-term placentas formed from parthenogenetic embryos using serial nuclear transfer.

Takafusa Hikichi1, Hiroshi Ohta, Sayaka Wakayama

  • 1RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Minatojima-minamimachi Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|July 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Parthenogenetic embryos can be reprogrammed using nuclear transfer, extending survival. However, full-term development requires combining these with normal embryonic stem cells to overcome imprinted gene defects.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Reproductive Science

Background:

  • Mammalian parthenogenetic embryos exhibit developmental arrest due to imprinted gene defects and placental issues.
  • Trophoblastic proliferation is thought to be impaired without a male genome contribution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of reprogramming parthenogenetic mouse embryonic cell nuclei via serial nuclear transfer.
  • To determine if repeated nuclear transfer can overcome developmental limitations in parthenogenetic embryos.

Main Methods:

  • Serial rounds of nuclear transfer were performed on parthenogenetic mouse embryonic cell nuclei without genetic modification.
  • Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelled nuclei were used to track cell origins.
  • Chimeric embryos were created by aggregating cloned parthenogenetic embryos with normal embryonic stem cells.

Main Results:

  • Repeated nuclear transfer extended the gestation period of cloned parthenogenetic fetuses, with live fetuses obtained up to day 14.5.
  • Despite extended survival and large placentas, fetuses did not reach full term.
  • Chimeric embryos, combining cloned parthenogenetic cells with normal embryonic stem cells, resulted in full-term offspring with placentas derived from parthenogenetic cells.

Conclusions:

  • Serial nuclear transfer has limitations in fully reprogramming imprinted genes for complete fetal development.
  • Parthenogenetic embryos' placentas can overcome epigenetic regulation through nuclear transfer, supporting development to full gestation when combined with normal embryonic stem cells.