Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Viscosity01:17

Viscosity

When water is poured into a glass, it falls freely and quickly, whereas if honey or maple syrup is poured over a pancake, it flows slowly and sticks to the surface of the container. This difference in the flow of different kinds of liquids arises due to the fluid friction between the liquid layers and the liquid and the surrounding material. This property of fluids is called fluid viscosity. In this example, water has a lower viscosity than honey and maple syrup.
The SI unit of viscosity is...
Viscosity01:27

Viscosity

Viscosity is a property of fluids that measures their resistance to flow. It is influenced by factors such as the surface area of contact, the gradient of flow speed, and the fluid's viscosity constant, called the coefficient of viscosity. The coefficient of viscosity, also known as dynamic viscosity, is denoted by the symbol η. It determines the proportionality between the viscous force and the gradient of flow speed.Newton's law of viscosity states that the viscous force on a faster-moving...
Viscosity of Fluid01:19

Viscosity of Fluid

Viscosity measures the resistance a fluid offers to flow and deformation. It results from internal friction between layers of fluid moving relative to one another. Dynamic viscosity, denoted by the Greek letter mu (μ), quantifies the force needed to move one fluid layer over another. For Newtonian fluids like water and air, the relationship between the shearing stress and the rate of shearing strain is linear, meaning their viscosity remains constant regardless of the applied stress.
Newtonian Fluid: Problem Solving01:18

Newtonian Fluid: Problem Solving

Newtonian fluids exhibit a constant viscosity, meaning their shear stress and shear strain rate are directly proportional. This property ensures a predictable and stable response to applied forces, maintaining a linear relationship between force and flow. Examples include water, air, and light oils, consistently demonstrating this proportional behavior regardless of external conditions.
A velocity gradient forms within the fluid when a Newtonian fluid is placed between two parallel plates, with...
Stokes' Law01:20

Stokes' Law

Viscous forces, like friction, are intermolecular forces that resist the relative motion of molecules over each other. When a solid body moves through a liquid, viscous forces drag it in the opposite direction. The force's magnitude depends on the solid's shape and size, as well as its speed and the liquid's coefficient of viscosity, density and temperature.
The expression for the force on a solid spherical object in a fluid is called Stokes' law. Stokes' law is valid only for low Reynolds...
Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction01:24

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction

Generalization, discrimination, and extinction are key concepts in operant conditioning that influence how behaviors are learned and maintained.
Generalization occurs when a behavior reinforced in one context is performed in similar situations. For instance, a student who studies diligently for calculus and receives excellent grades might apply the same study habits to psychology and history, expecting similar results. Generalization shows how learning in one setting can influence behavior in...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Tongue-Yoga: Precision Visual Feedback Rehabilitation Improves Tongue Agility.

IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society·2026
Same author

Defining Experimental Design for Human Motor Control Identification: A Novel Framework.

IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society·2026
Same author

Distribution Analysis for Diagnostics and Therapeutics of Motor Actions.

IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics·2025
Same author

A highly contiguous genome assembly for the California vole, Microtus californicus, provides insight into phylogenetic relationships and patterns of synteny among voles.

The Journal of heredity·2025
Same author

Does visual error augmentation offer advantages during bimanual therapy in individuals poststroke? A randomized controlled trial.

The Journal of international medical research·2025
Same author

Design Evaluation of a Passive Ankle Exoskeleton for Gait Training.

IEEE ... International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics : [proceedings]·2025
Same journal

Deep Learning Reveals Cross-Modal Neural Representations of Auditory and Visual Mental Imagery in MEG.

Journal of neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

Speech sensorimotor adaptation in young adult cochlear implant users with early implantation.

Journal of neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

How Visual Context Influences Lateral Stepping Regulation While Walking on Winding Paths.

Journal of neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

Simultaneous neuron evidence for much higher covariation with saccadic reaction time of superior colliculus than primary visual cortex visual responses.

Journal of neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

Separate Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Regions Participate in Distinct Large-Scale Networks Differentially Recruited for Social and Cognitive Control Functions.

Journal of neurophysiology·2026
Same journal

Comprehensive Analysis of Auditory Nerve Fiber Responses using Fiber-Specific Modeling.

Journal of neurophysiology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Macro-Rheology Characterization of Gill Raker Mucus in the Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
09:13

Macro-Rheology Characterization of Gill Raker Mucus in the Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

Published on: July 10, 2020

Manual skill generalization enhanced by negative viscosity.

Felix C Huang1, James L Patton, Ferdinando A Mussa-Ivaldi

  • 1Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. f-huang@northwestern.edu

Journal of Neurophysiology
|July 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Negative viscosity, when combined with inertia, significantly improves motor learning and adaptation. This approach enhances the nervous system

More Related Videos

One Dimensional Turing-Like Handshake Test for Motor Intelligence
14:05

One Dimensional Turing-Like Handshake Test for Motor Intelligence

Published on: December 15, 2010

Applying Incongruent Visual-Tactile Stimuli during Object Transfer with Vibro-Tactile Feedback
05:43

Applying Incongruent Visual-Tactile Stimuli during Object Transfer with Vibro-Tactile Feedback

Published on: May 23, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Macro-Rheology Characterization of Gill Raker Mucus in the Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
09:13

Macro-Rheology Characterization of Gill Raker Mucus in the Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

Published on: July 10, 2020

One Dimensional Turing-Like Handshake Test for Motor Intelligence
14:05

One Dimensional Turing-Like Handshake Test for Motor Intelligence

Published on: December 15, 2010

Applying Incongruent Visual-Tactile Stimuli during Object Transfer with Vibro-Tactile Feedback
05:43

Applying Incongruent Visual-Tactile Stimuli during Object Transfer with Vibro-Tactile Feedback

Published on: May 23, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Robotics
  • Neuroscience
  • Human-Machine Interaction

Background:

  • Studies suggest negative viscosity can enhance motor performance and learning.
  • Investigating its role in sensorimotor adaptation is crucial for understanding human-machine interaction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine how negative viscosity affects motor adaptation in a single-axis force field.
  • To evaluate the combined effects of negative viscosity and inertia on motor learning.

Main Methods:

  • Subjects performed movements using a force-feedback device under three conditions: inertia, negative viscosity, or a combination.
  • Motor adaptation was assessed by evaluating circular movements in an inertial field post-training.

Main Results:

  • Combined training (inertia and negative viscosity) resulted in the lowest error during evaluation.
  • Negative viscosity, even when only present during training, enhanced learning and generalization.
  • Broader exploration of movement speeds correlated with improved performance.

Conclusions:

  • Robot-applied negative viscosity can enhance sensorimotor adaptation when combined with inertial forces.
  • This method improves the nervous system's ability to identify and adapt to perturbing forces.
  • Findings suggest a novel approach for augmenting motor learning through mechanical assistance.