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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics01:13

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Spinal Sonography for Ultrasound-Guided Lumbar Neuraxial Anesthesia
03:14

Spinal Sonography for Ultrasound-Guided Lumbar Neuraxial Anesthesia

Published on: January 31, 2025

Regional anesthesia update.

P Grossi1, C Barbaglio, A Violini

  • 1Department of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Therapy, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, S.Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy. paolo.grossi@grupposandonato.it

Minerva Anestesiologica
|July 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Peripheral regional anesthesia techniques are reviewed, highlighting ultrasound (US) efficacy over peripheral nerve stimulators (PNSs). Further research is needed to compare US with other methods and confirm improved safety and effectiveness.

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Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat
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Spinal Sonography for Ultrasound-Guided Lumbar Neuraxial Anesthesia
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Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat
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Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat

Published on: November 21, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Regional Anesthesia
  • Medical Technology Evaluation

Background:

  • Numerous clinical trials evaluate peripheral regional anesthesia techniques.
  • Understanding the optimal selection criteria and advantages of each technique is crucial for clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent clinical trials on peripheral regional anesthesia techniques.
  • To compare the efficacy and safety of different guidance methods, including ultrasound (US) and peripheral nerve stimulators (PNSs).

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of clinical trials published between January 2007 and September 2009.
  • Analysis of 644 identified articles focusing on peripheral regional anesthesia.

Main Results:

  • Many trials suggest ultrasound (US) offers better efficacy than peripheral nerve stimulators (PNSs).
  • Further large-scale trials are recommended to confirm US superiority and compare it with percutaneous electric guidance (PEG) and sequential electrical nerve stimulation (SENS).

Conclusions:

  • While peripheral regional anesthesia is recognized as safe, newer techniques may offer enhanced safety and effectiveness.
  • Continued research is vital to refine technique selection and optimize patient outcomes in regional anesthesia.