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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
05:41

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

[Abnormality of thyroid function].

Taishi Masamune1, Takashi Matsukawa

  • 1Surgical Center Yamanashi University Hospital, Chuou 409-3898.

Masui. the Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology
|July 29, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid dysfunction, including thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism, poses risks during surgery. Managing thyroid storm and myxedema coma is crucial for patient safety and reducing mortality.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cardiology
  • Anesthesiology

Context:

  • Thyroid hormones, synthesized using iodine, are essential for metabolic regulation.
  • Iodine-containing contrast media and amiodarone can induce thyroid dysfunction.
  • Cardiovascular complications are a primary concern in thyrotoxicosis.

Purpose:

  • To highlight the risks of thyroid dysfunction in surgical patients.
  • To emphasize the importance of managing hyperthyroid and hypothyroid states perioperatively.
  • To outline strategies for preventing thyroid storm and myxedema coma.

Summary:

  • Thyrotoxicosis management focuses on controlling heart rate with beta-adrenergic blockade to protect the cardiovascular system and avoid surgery in abnormal thyroid states.
  • Hyperthyroid patients require careful management to prevent thyroid storm, a rare but fatal condition, by suppressing sympathetic tone and ensuring deep anesthesia.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
05:41

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

  • Hypothyroid patients exhibit increased sensitivity to anesthetic agents and opioids; overt hypothyroidism and myxedema coma, though rare, carry high mortality and require prompt recognition and treatment.

    • Impact:

    • Optimizing thyroid function preoperatively is vital for patient safety and reducing perioperative complications.
    • Effective management of thyroid dysfunction can prevent life-threatening events like thyroid storm and myxedema coma.
    • Understanding these risks allows for better surgical planning and anesthetic management in patients with thyroid disorders.