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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Inborn Errors of Metabolism01:20

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever01:26

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.
Introduction to Electrolytes01:33

Introduction to Electrolytes

In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
Role of Sodium
One...
Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis01:23

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
The solar UV B rays (290-315 nm) are absorbed by the skin, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) photolyzes it to previtamin D3, which undergoes a rapid transformation to vitamin D3(cholecalciferol).
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Methodology for Studying Interactions of Vitamin A Membrane Receptors and Opsin Protein with their Ligands in Generating the Retinylidene Protein
08:18

Methodology for Studying Interactions of Vitamin A Membrane Receptors and Opsin Protein with their Ligands in Generating the Retinylidene Protein

Published on: October 4, 2024

Refractory rickets in the tropics.

M Sahay1, R K Sahay

  • 1Department of Nephrology, Osmania General Hospital, Hyderabad, India. drmanishasahay@rediffmail.com

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism : JPEM
|July 29, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rickets in children is often caused by low calcium, phosphorus, or vitamin D. However, kidney diseases can also cause rickets, requiring thorough diagnosis before treatment.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Methodology for Studying Interactions of Vitamin A Membrane Receptors and Opsin Protein with their Ligands in Generating the Retinylidene Protein
08:18

Methodology for Studying Interactions of Vitamin A Membrane Receptors and Opsin Protein with their Ligands in Generating the Retinylidene Protein

Published on: October 4, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Pediatric Nephrology

Background:

  • Rickets is a significant pediatric health concern.
  • Nutritional deficiencies (calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D) are the most common causes.
  • Renal diseases can also manifest as rickets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the diverse etiologies of rickets in children.
  • To emphasize the importance of differentiating between nutritional and renal causes.
  • To underscore the necessity of a comprehensive diagnostic workup.

Main Methods:

  • Review of common and uncommon causes of pediatric rickets.
  • Discussion of diagnostic approaches for rickets.
  • Emphasis on etiological diagnosis for appropriate treatment.

Main Results:

  • Nutritional deficiencies are the primary cause of rickets.
  • Renal conditions like renal tubular acidosis and hypophosphatemic rickets are important differential diagnoses.
  • Treatment strategies are etiology-dependent.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of rickets etiology is crucial for effective treatment.
  • Pediatric rickets management requires consideration of both nutritional and renal factors.
  • A complete workup is essential before initiating therapy for rickets.