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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory neuropathy reduces pain perception,...
Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants
06:36

Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants

Published on: April 15, 2020

Diabetic foot biomechanics and gait dysfunction.

James S Wrobel1, Bijan Najafi

  • 1Center for Lower Extremity Ambulatory Research at Scholl College of Podiatric Medicine, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA. James.wrobel@rosalindfranklin.edu

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
|July 29, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Diabetes alters gait with slower speeds and wider stances, influenced by soft tissue changes from glycosylation. These combined factors increase the risk of diabetic foot ulcers and amputations.

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Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder
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Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder

Published on: March 4, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants
06:36

Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants

Published on: April 15, 2020

Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder
06:54

Clinical-oriented Three-dimensional Gait Analysis Method for Evaluating Gait Disorder

Published on: March 4, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Diabetology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Diabetic foot complications are a major cause of lower extremity amputations.
  • Peripheral neuropathy and soft tissue glycosylation significantly impact gait in individuals with diabetes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review gait alterations in diabetic patients.
  • To examine the effects of glycosylation on foot soft tissues and their impact on gait.

Main Methods:

  • Searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EBSCOhost databases for relevant literature.
  • Reviewed bibliographies of pertinent manuscripts.

Main Results:

  • Diabetic patients often adopt a conservative gait: slower walking speed, wider base, and longer double support time.
  • Glycosylation leads to decreased skin thickness, increased hardness, tendon thickening, muscle atrophy, reduced bone density, limited joint mobility, and altered fat pads in the lower extremities.

Conclusions:

  • Gait changes in diabetes, exacerbated by soft tissue alterations from advanced glycosylated end products, elevate the risk of foot ulceration.
  • Further research into these changes across the diabetes spectrum can inform better treatments and reduce amputation rates.