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Related Concept Videos

Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State01:21

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State, or HHS, is a serious and life-threatening complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by three main features: severe hyperglycemia, profound dehydration, and elevated serum osmolality, all occurring without significant ketoacidosis.HHS typically develops in older adults or individuals with limited access to fluids. This may result from illness, cognitive impairment, or medications such as diuretics or corticosteroids. These factors reduce...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...

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Related Experiment Video

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Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
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Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Zone model predictive control: a strategy to minimize hyper- and hypoglycemic events.

Benyamin Grosman1, Eyal Dassau, Howard C Zisser

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, USA.

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
|July 29, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Zone model predictive control (zone-MPC) effectively manages blood glucose levels for type 1 diabetes. This artificial pancreas strategy improves glycemic control, even with meal uncertainties, offering a safer alternative to traditional methods.

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Quantitative and Temporal Control of Oxygen Microenvironment at the Single Islet Level

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Published on: June 11, 2012

Quantitative and Temporal Control of Oxygen Microenvironment at the Single Islet Level
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Quantitative and Temporal Control of Oxygen Microenvironment at the Single Islet Level

Published on: November 17, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Control Systems
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Artificial pancreas development aims for closed-loop glucose control in type 1 diabetes.
  • Challenges include model identification and safe normoglycemia maintenance.
  • Continuous glucose monitoring and insulin pumps are key components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate an automatically tuned zone model predictive control (zone-MPC) for artificial pancreas applications.
  • To compare zone-MPC performance against "optimal" open-loop treatment using a metabolic simulator.
  • To assess zone-MPC's efficacy under various meal announcement and uncertainty conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Zone-MPC was implemented on a validated metabolic simulator.
  • Personalized models were generated using clinical data on insulin delivery and meals.
  • The system was tested in three modes with announced and unannounced meals, including 40% uncertainty.
  • Ten virtual subjects (in silico) were subjected to a mixed-meal regimen.

Main Results:

  • Zone-MPC demonstrated superior glycemic control compared to open-loop treatment across all tested modes.
  • Performance differences between announced and unannounced zone-MPC were minimal, especially with meal uncertainty.
  • Unannounced zone-MPC emerged as a practical option considering potential user errors in carbohydrate estimation.

Conclusions:

  • Zone-MPC reduces control move variability compared to fixed set-point controllers.
  • This strategy allows for rapid intervention when necessary and minimizes unnecessary insulin adjustments.
  • Zone-MPC offers a robust and adaptable approach for artificial pancreas systems.