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Related Concept Videos

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
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Secondary Lymphoid Organs

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Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever01:26

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Anterior High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography in the Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
06:15

Anterior High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography in the Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia

Published on: August 9, 2024

Ocular sarcoidosis.

Robert P Baughman1, Elyse E Lower, Adam H Kaufman

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0565, USA. bob.baughman@uc.edu

Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
|July 29, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ocular sarcoidosis affects a third of patients, particularly in Japan, potentially causing blindness. Early diagnosis and treatment, including novel therapies like TNF inhibitors, are crucial for preserving vision.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Anterior High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography in the Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
06:15

Anterior High-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography in the Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring of Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia

Published on: August 9, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disease with significant ocular manifestations.
  • Ocular involvement affects approximately one-third of sarcoidosis patients, with higher prevalence in certain populations, like Japanese patients (over 70%).
  • Untreated ocular sarcoidosis can lead to irreversible vision loss and blindness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and treatment strategies for ocular sarcoidosis.
  • To highlight the importance of ophthalmological examination in diagnosing ocular sarcoidosis.
  • To discuss emerging therapeutic options for chronic and refractory cases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on ocular sarcoidosis.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria for ocular sarcoidosis in patients with and without known sarcoidosis.
  • Evaluation of treatment outcomes for various therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • Anterior uveitis is common and often self-limiting, while posterior uveitis can be chronic and progressive.
  • Diagnosis in known sarcoidosis patients requires specialist ophthalmological assessment.
  • Proposed criteria aid in diagnosing ocular sarcoidosis in cases of uveitis of unknown origin.
  • Treatment includes topical and systemic therapies (e.g., methotrexate).

Conclusions:

  • Ocular sarcoidosis is a serious complication requiring prompt diagnosis and management to prevent vision loss.
  • Effective treatment strategies, including systemic agents and newer biologics like anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, are available for refractory cases.
  • Continued research is needed to optimize management and improve long-term visual outcomes for patients with ocular sarcoidosis.