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Alkyl Halides

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

Structures of Solids

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

Structural Isomerism

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...

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Updated: Jun 10, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Structure-function relationships in liquid-crystalline halogen-bonded complexes.

Duncan W Bruce¹, Pierangelo Metrangolo, Franck Meyer

¹Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK. db519@york.ac.uk

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|July 29, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created novel liquid-crystalline materials using halogen bonding. These self-assembled materials exhibit unique nematic and SmA phases, even from non-mesomorphic precursors, enabling new chiral mesogens.

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Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Construction and Systematical Symmetric Studies of a Series of Supramolecular Clusters with Binary or Ternary Ammonium Triphenylacetates

Published on: February 15, 2016

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Supramolecular Chemistry
Crystallography

Background:

Liquid crystals are crucial for display technologies.
Self-assembly is a key strategy for designing advanced materials.
Halogen bonding offers a powerful, directional non-covalent interaction for molecular assembly.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize new liquid-crystalline materials via halogen bonding.
To investigate the influence of alkyl chain length on mesophase formation.
To explore the creation of chiral mesogens from non-mesomorphic chiral building blocks.

Main Methods:

Utilizing halogen bonding between 4-alkoxystilbazoles, pyridines (acceptors), and 4-iodotetrafluorophenyl derivatives (donors).
Employing self-assembly principles to form dimeric complexes.
Characterizing the resulting materials to identify liquid crystalline phases (nematic, SmA).

Main Results:

Successfully prepared novel liquid-crystalline materials through halogen-bonded self-assembly.
Observed nematic and SmA liquid crystalline phases in the dimeric complexes.
Demonstrated that phase behavior is tunable by adjusting alkyl chain lengths.
Synthesized new chiral mesogens from achiral and chiral non-mesomorphic starting materials.

Conclusions:

Halogen bonding is an effective strategy for designing liquid-crystalline materials.
The self-assembly approach allows for the creation of tunable mesophases.
This method provides access to novel chiral mesogens, expanding the scope of liquid crystal design.