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Related Concept Videos

Aggression01:47

Aggression

Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for hire...
Self-Regulation01:25

Self-Regulation

Self-regulation, also known as self-control, encompasses a range of cognitive and behavioral processes that allow individuals to adjust their internal states and outward actions to align with socially acceptable norms and long-term goals. It plays a fundamental role in adaptive functioning, from resisting impulsive behaviors to persisting through challenging tasks. While its benefits are widely recognized, self-regulation is not limitless. Muraven and Baumeister's theory posits that...
Secondary Motives: Affiliation Motivation and Aggression Motivation01:21

Secondary Motives: Affiliation Motivation and Aggression Motivation

Affiliation motivation is the intrinsic desire to connect with others and belong to a social group, which plays a crucial role in forming and maintaining personal relationships. This type of motivation is essential for psychological well-being, as it provides individuals with a sense of community and support. An example of this is a student who joins a study group in order to feel a sense of connection. People with high affiliation motivation actively seek social approval, take satisfaction in...
Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping02:05

Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping

People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about the way you...
Bullying02:04

Bullying

A modern form of aggression is bullying. As you learn in your study of child development, socializing and playing with other children is beneficial for children’s psychological development. However, as you may have experienced as a child, not all play behavior has positive outcomes. Some children are aggressive and want to play roughly. Other children are selfish and do not want to share toys. One form of negative social interactions among children that has become a national concern is bullying.
Behavior Modification01:21

Behavior Modification

Behavioral approaches have often been criticized for ignoring mental processes and focusing solely on observable behavior. However, these approaches provide an optimistic perspective for individuals seeking to change their behaviors. Rather than concentrating on intrinsic personality traits, behavioral approaches suggest that even longstanding habits can be modified by changing the reward contingencies that maintain them.
A real-world application of operant conditioning principles is applied...

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Related Experiment Video

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A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats
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Does cost-benefit analysis or self-control predict involvement in two forms of aggression?

John Archer1, Andrés A Fernández-Fuertes, Van Lal Thanzami

  • 1School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom. jarcher@uclan.ac.uk

Aggressive Behavior
|July 29, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Aggression is linked to both impulsive (self-control) and reflective (cost-benefit analysis) processes. These factors influence physical aggression, with gender differences in perceptions of costs and benefits.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Criminology
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Aggression is influenced by both impulsive and reflective cognitive processes.
  • Understanding the interplay between self-control and cost-benefit assessment is crucial for explaining aggressive behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the association between physical aggression and self-control (impulsive processes) and cost-benefit assessment (reflective processes).
  • To investigate these associations across different cultural contexts and relationship types.

Main Methods:

  • Study 1: Assessed direct and indirect aggression, self-control, and cost-benefit perceptions in young Indian men.
  • Study 2: Examined physical aggression towards dating partners, self-control, and cost-benefit perceptions in Spanish adolescents.
  • Statistical analyses controlled for related variables and victimization.

Main Results:

  • In Study 1, cost-benefit perceptions, not self-control, predicted direct aggression in men.
  • In Study 2, both perceived benefits and self-control independently predicted physical aggression towards partners.
  • Men perceived higher costs and lower benefits for partner aggression than women.

Conclusions:

  • Reflective (cost-benefit) and impulsive (self-control) processes operate in parallel to influence aggression.
  • Gender differences in perceived costs and benefits align with social norms rather than patriarchal values.
  • Findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of the cognitive underpinnings of aggression.