Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits
Published on: September 27, 2019
[Transformational and transactional leadership: An analysis of the factor structure of the Multifactor Leadership
Fernando Molero Alonso1, Patricia Recio Saboya, Isabel Cuadrado Guirado
1Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain. fmolero@psi.uned.es
Abstract:
The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) has been one of the most commonly used instruments to assess leadership in organizational settings for the last two decades. However, the factor structure proposed by the MLQ authors has received some criticism. The aim of this work is to examine the fit indices of several alternative factor models suggested by the literature. In order to accomplish this objective, we conducted confirmatory factor analyses in a sample of 954 participants using a Spanish version of the MLQ. Results show that the model that produces the better fit with the data consists of four factors: transformational leadership, developmental/transactional leadership, corrective leadership and avoidant/passive leadership. This model is parsimonious and consistent with the MLQ literature.
Related Concept Videos
Cattell's 16 Personality Factors
In contrast, source traits are the fundamental,...
Rotter's Locus of Control
Individuals with an internal locus of control believe that their personal efforts and decisions directly affect their...
Factorial Design
Five-Factor Theory of Personality
Openness reflects creativity, curiosity, and openness to new experiences. Individuals scoring high in openness are imaginative, have a wide range of interests, and are independent thinkers. Low...
Strategies of Self-Presentation III: Self-Monitoring
Secondary Motives: Power Motivation and Achievement Motivation
Power motivation is characterized by the desire to influence, control, or have an impact on others. It is shaped by an individual's experiences, social environment, and cultural context. People with high power motivation are...
