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Related Concept Videos

Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...
Transcription01:17

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
Transcription01:10

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
Embryonic Connective Tissues01:20

Embryonic Connective Tissues

During early development, the embryo forms two types of connective tissues— the mesenchyme and mucoid connective tissue.
The mesenchyme is the first connective tissue that emerges in the developing embryo. It consists of loosely arranged multipotent mesenchymal cells and reticular fibers in the extracellular matrix. This loose arrangement allows easy migration of cells, which is essential for germ layer positioning, patterning, and organ morphogenesis during embryonic development. Mesenchyme is...
Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation01:10

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation

The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.

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Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation
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Transcriptomic landscape of the primitive streak.

Cantas Alev1, Yuping Wu, Takeya Kasukawa

  • 1Laboratory for Early Embryogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|July 30, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals how early mesoderm cells gain unique identities from the primitive streak. Molecular analysis in chicks identified key genes and signaling pathways controlling this crucial developmental process.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Mesoderm cells in birds and mammals originate from the primitive streak.
  • These nascent mesoderm cells acquire distinct dorsoventral (D/V) identities based on their position within the streak.
  • The molecular mechanisms governing this initial mesoderm diversification remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular heterogeneity of different primitive streak regions.
  • To identify genes and regulatory mechanisms responsible for establishing D/V mesoderm identity.
  • To provide a molecular resource for understanding mesoderm diversification and in vitro differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of high-quality transcriptomic datasets from distinct chick primitive streak regions.
  • Analysis of molecular heterogeneity within these regions.
  • Examination of gene expression patterns, including transcription factors and signaling pathway components.

Main Results:

  • Fifteen percent of expressed genes showed differential expression between streak regions, with two main patterns (dorsal to ventral and ventral to dorsal).
  • A comprehensive set of transcription factors and novel, region-specific genes were identified.
  • While core BMP, Wnt, and FGF pathway components showed uniform expression, their regulators displayed D/V gradients, indicating fine-tuned pathway regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Robust D/V positional information in mesoderm is established through multi-level regulation of key signaling pathways.
  • The study provides a valuable molecular dataset for further research into mesoderm development and differentiation.
  • Identified genes and pathways offer targets for in vitro mesoderm lineage differentiation.