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Related Concept Videos

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
Source And Potency Of Stem Cells01:27

Source And Potency Of Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with extensive self-renewal properties that help them maintain their population during the fetal and adult stages of life. They can specialize in all cell types of the human body. However, their differential potential may vary and can be classified into five types. Stem cells can be (1) Totipotent, (2) Pluripotent, (3) Multipotent, (4) Oligopotent, and (5) Unipotent. Each stem cell has a specific origin; the fertilized egg or zygote is a totipotent cell and...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

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Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Na&#239;ve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency
09:07

Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency

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Pluripotent stem cells: origin, maintenance and induction.

Maria P De Miguel1, Sherezade Fuentes-Julián, Yago Alcaina

  • 1Cell Engineering Laboratory, La Paz Hospital Research Institute, IdiPAZ, Paseo Castellana 261, Madrid, 28046, Spain. mariapdemiguel@gmail.com

Stem Cell Reviews and Reports
|July 30, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mammalian pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, possess the unique ability to differentiate into all cell types. This review compares various pluripotent stem cell types from mice and humans.

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Efficient Derivation of Human Neuronal Progenitors and Neurons from Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Small Molecule Induction
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Efficient Derivation of Human Neuronal Progenitors and Neurons from Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Small Molecule Induction

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Comparative Genomics

Background:

  • Pluripotency is the capacity of a cell to differentiate into all three germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.
  • While pluripotent stem cells are transient in vivo during early embryogenesis, immortal cell lines can be cultured indefinitely in vitro.
  • These in vitro-derived cells can be differentiated into all cell types, confirming their functional pluripotency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare different types of mammalian pluripotent stem cells.
  • To provide a detailed comparison between mouse and human pluripotent stem cells.
  • To analyze key characteristics of various pluripotent stem cell populations.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of pluripotent stem cell types.
  • Review of in vivo specification and location data.
  • Examination of surface and intracellular markers.
  • Assessment of in vitro growth factor dependence and signal transduction pathways.
  • Analysis of epigenetic characteristics and pluripotency gene expression.
  • Evaluation of functional pluripotency assays.

Main Results:

  • Different pluripotent stem cell types (embryonic stem cells, epiblast-derived stem cells, primordial germ cells, embryonic germ cells, very small embryonic-like cells, induced pluripotent stem cells) exhibit distinct properties.
  • Significant differences and similarities exist in their in vivo origins, markers, culture requirements, signaling pathways, epigenetics, and gene expression profiles between mouse and human cells.
  • Functional assays confirm the pluripotency of these cell types under specific conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Mammalian pluripotent stem cells, despite sharing the core property of pluripotency, display heterogeneity in their characteristics and origins.
  • Understanding these differences is crucial for effective utilization in research and regenerative medicine.
  • Comparative studies, particularly between mouse and human systems, are essential for advancing stem cell science.