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Tooth Anatomy

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.

Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...

Hand hygiene

Hand hygiene

Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
Hand washing...

Electrical Energy

Electrical Energy

Using electric appliances for a longer period of time consumes more electrical energy and results in a higher electric bill. The energy produced by the transfer of electrons from one point to another is known as electrical energy. If power is delivered at a constant rate, the electrical energy can be defined as the product of power used by the device for a period of time. The energy unit on electric bills is the kilowatt-hour, where one kilowatt-hour is equivalent to 3.6 × 106 joules. The...

Eddy Currents

Eddy Currents

Since eddy currents occur only in conductors, magnets can separate metals from other materials. For example, in a recycling center, trash is dumped in batches down a ramp, beneath which lies a powerful magnet. Conductors in the trash are slowed by eddy currents, while nonmetals in the trash move on, separating from the metals. This works for all metals, not just ferromagnetic ones.
Other major applications of eddy currents appear in metal detectors and the braking systems of trains and roller...

DC Generator

DC Generator

An alternator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy that varies sinusoidally, resulting in AC current. Meanwhile, a DC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, which are DC pulses with the same polarity. The construction of a DC generator is similar to that of an alternator, except that the pair of slip rings is replaced by a single split ring, also called a commutator. The commutator functions like a periodic rotary switch; it changes the contacts with the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Mimicking and Measuring Occlusal Erosive Tooth Wear with the "Rub&Roll" and Non-contact Profilometry

Mimicking and Measuring Occlusal Erosive Tooth Wear with the "Rub&Roll" and Non-contact Profilometry

Published on: February 2, 2018

[Electric toothbrushes].

A Temmerman¹, K Marcelis, C Dekeyser

¹Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Ecole de Médecine Dentaire, de Stomatologie et de Chirurgie Maxillo-faciale, Service de Parodontologie, Kapucijnenvoer 7 blok a - bus 7001, 3000 Louvain, Belgique. andy_temmerman@hotmail.com

Revue Belge De Medecine Dentaire

|July 31, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Electric toothbrushes, evolving since the 19th century, offer potential advantages over manual ones. This review examines brush head movements, time, and force, evaluating their impact on oral microbiology and gingival recession for improved dental hygiene.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Mimicking and Measuring Occlusal Erosive Tooth Wear with the "Rub&Roll" and Non-contact Profilometry

Mimicking and Measuring Occlusal Erosive Tooth Wear with the "Rub&Roll" and Non-contact Profilometry

Published on: February 2, 2018

Area of Science:

Oral hygiene practices
Biomedical engineering in dental care
Microbiology of the oral cavity

Context:

The evolution of the electric toothbrush began in the 19th century, with continuous advancements in design and functionality.
Electric toothbrushes are marketed as superior to manual toothbrushes, necessitating scientific validation.
Understanding the interplay between device mechanics and oral health outcomes is crucial.

Purpose:

To review the scientific literature on electric toothbrush efficacy.
To analyze the impact of various electric toothbrush features (brush head movement, brushing time, force) on oral health.
To assess the influence on oral microbiology and the incidence of gingival recession.

Summary:

This literature review synthesizes evidence regarding the effectiveness of electric toothbrushes.
Key factors investigated include diverse brush head motions, optimal brushing duration, and applied pressure.
The study evaluates the effects of these parameters on the oral microbiome and gingival health.

Impact:

Provides evidence-based insights into the benefits and potential drawbacks of electric toothbrush use.
Informs consumers and dental professionals about selecting and using electric toothbrushes for optimal oral health.
Highlights areas for future research in electric toothbrush technology and application.