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T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...

Inflammatory Response

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...

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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

Published on: November 8, 2016

Regulatory immune cell subsets in autoimmunity.

Antonio La Cava¹

¹Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

|July 31, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The immune system uses regulatory cells to prevent autoimmunity by suppressing self-reactive immune responses. This review explores how these cells, from both adaptive and innate immunity, impact autoimmune diseases.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Autoimmunity research

Background:

Immune checkpoints maintain self-tolerance and prevent autoimmune diseases.
Peripheral tolerance relies on specialized regulatory immune cells to control pro-inflammatory responses.

Discussion:

This issue examines various immunoregulatory cell subsets, including those from adaptive and innate immunity.
Understanding these cells is crucial for comprehending the mechanisms underlying autoimmune conditions.

Key Insights:

Regulatory immune cells play a critical role in preventing autoimmunity.
Multiple cell types contribute to immune regulation in peripheral tolerance.

Outlook:

Further research into immunoregulatory cells may reveal new therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases.
Investigating the interplay between different regulatory cell subsets is essential for a comprehensive understanding.