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Related Concept Videos

Computed Tomography01:10

Computed Tomography

Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...
Radiological Investigation II: MRI and Ventilation Perfusion Scan01:30

Radiological Investigation II: MRI and Ventilation Perfusion Scan

Description
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Ventilation Perfusion Scans are two radiological investigations that offer detailed diagnostic images of the body, particularly lung structures.
MRI
MRI uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency signals to distinguish between normal and abnormal tissues. This technology provides a more detailed diagnostic image than CT scans, enabling it to characterize pulmonary nodules, stage bronchogenic carcinoma, and evaluate inflammatory activity in...
Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography01:27

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
Finding Volume Using Cross-Sectional Area01:24

Finding Volume Using Cross-Sectional Area

For solids whose cross-sectional areas vary in a predictable way, volume can be determined by integrating these areas along an axis perpendicular to the slices. This approach is particularly useful for polyhedral solids, where classical geometric formulas may not be immediately applicable. A tetrahedron provides a clear example of how cross-sectional integration can be applied to a three-dimensional object with continuously changing geometry.Consider a tetrahedron with height h and a base that...
Density and Archimedes' Principle01:05

Density and Archimedes' Principle

When a lump of clay is dropped into water, it sinks. But if the same lump of clay is molded into the shape of a boat, it starts to float. Because of its shape, the clay boat displaces more water than the lump and experiences a greater buoyant force, even though its mass is the same. The same holds true for steel ships. The average density of an object majorly determines if the object will float. If an object's average density is less than that of the surrounding fluid, it will float. The reason...
Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity01:24

Pressure Relationships in Thoracic Cavity

Breathing, otherwise known as pulmonary ventilation, is the process of air movement into and out of the lungs. The main mechanisms propelling pulmonary ventilation are atmospheric pressure (Patm), intra-pulmonary (Ppul ) or intra-alveolar pressure (Palv) within the alveoli, and intrapleural pressure (Pip) within the pleural cavity.
Breathing Mechanisms
Both intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures rely on specific lung properties. The ability to breathe—allowing air to enter the lungs during...

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Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography-Guided Valve Sizing for Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Replacement
09:57

Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography-Guided Valve Sizing for Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Replacement

Published on: January 20, 2022

Ventilation from four-dimensional computed tomography: density versus Jacobian methods.

Richard Castillo1, Edward Castillo, Josue Martinez

  • 1Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.

Physics in Medicine and Biology
|July 31, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study compares CT-based methods for creating lung ventilation images. The density-change method showed better correlation with the clinical standard (SPECT) than Jacobian-based methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Pulmonary Function Testing
  • Computational Anatomy

Background:

  • Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) can generate ventilation images without contrast agents.
  • Current methods include density change and Jacobian determinant calculations from deformable image registration (DIR).
  • Clinical standard for ventilation imaging is (99m)Tc-labeled aerosol SPECT/CT.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate two Jacobian-based and one density-change-based method for calculating specific ventilation from 4DCT.
  • To compare these CT-based methods against each other and against the clinical standard SPECT imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluated two implementations of Jacobian-based ventilation calculation.
  • Assessed a density-change-based model for specific ventilation from 4DCT.
  • Compared CT-derived ventilation maps with SPECT/CT in seven patients using Dice similarity coefficient.

Main Results:

  • Jacobian-based methods demonstrated equivalence for voxel-scale specific ventilation quantification.
  • Both Jacobian- and density-change-based methods correlated well with global resting tidal volume.
  • Density-change-based specific ventilation showed statistically superior correlation (p < 10(-4)) with SPECT compared to Jacobian methods.

Conclusions:

  • CT-based ventilation imaging is a viable alternative to SPECT.
  • The density-change method offers improved accuracy compared to Jacobian-based approaches when validated against SPECT.