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Blood Types

Blood Types

Human blood is classified into different types based on the presence of antigens on the red blood cell's surface and antibodies in the plasma. Proper identification of blood type is essential for successful blood transfusion. The International Society of Blood Transfusion has identified 38 human blood types based on the surface antigens on the red blood cells. The most common types are ABO, Rh, and MNS blood types.
ABO blood group
ABO antigens are glycoproteins encoded by genes present on...

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Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing

Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing

Published on: February 10, 2023

Sequence-specific primers for MNS blood group genotyping.

Guido A Heymann¹, Abdulgabar Salama

¹Central Department of Laboratory Medicine, DRK-Kliniken-Berlin, USA. g.heymann@drk-kliniken-berlin.de

Blood Transfusion = Trasfusione Del Sangue

|July 31, 2010

Summary

New primers allow complete MNS blood group genotyping using polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP). This reliable method accurately identifies common MNS antigens in a single run, suitable for routine practice.

Keywords:

MNS blood group PCR glycophorin

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Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry

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Published on: June 21, 2018

Area of Science:

Immunogenetics
Molecular Biology
Blood Group Serology

Background:

MNS blood group system genotyping techniques are limited in detecting all antigens.
Complete MNS antigen detection is crucial for transfusion medicine and genetic studies.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a novel method for comprehensive MNS blood group genotyping.
To enable complete detection of common MNS antigens using a single assay.

Main Methods:

Design and synthesis of specific primers based on glycophorin A and B DNA sequences.
Application of polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) for genotyping.
Testing on 116 blood donor samples.

Main Results:

Seven primers were developed that specifically amplify common MNS antigens.
The PCR-SSP method successfully genotyped all tested blood samples (n=116).
The assay demonstrated high specificity and accuracy for MNS antigen identification.

Conclusions:

Custom-designed primers facilitate complete MNS antigen genotyping in a single PCR-SSP reaction.
This method is reliable, user-friendly, and applicable to routine laboratory practice.
The developed technique enhances MNS blood group analysis capabilities.