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Enlargement of the Plasma Membrane01:22

Enlargement of the Plasma Membrane

Cell division and enlargement are processes that require precise control. The control ensures that cell division cannot proceed unless the cell has grown to a specific size. A spherical, dividing cell requires an approximately 1.6X increase in its surface area to double its volume. The secretory pathway also has a significant role in cell membrane enlargement. Secretory vesicles that bud off from the Golgi apparatus and later fuse with the plasma membrane during exocytosis are a major source of...
What are Membranes?01:24

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A cell's plasma membrane demarcates the cell's borders and determines the nature of its interaction with the environment. Cells exclude certain substances, take in others, and excrete some others in controlled quantities. The plasma membrane must be flexible to allow certain cells, such as red and white blood cells, to change their shape while passing through narrow capillaries. These are the more obvious plasma membrane functions. In addition, the plasma membrane's surface carries markers that...
Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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COP Coated Vesicles00:59

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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of different...
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
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Preparation of Plasma Membrane Vesicles from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Potential Cytoplasm Replacement Therapy
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Red cell PMVs, plasma membrane-derived vesicles calling out for standards.

Elliott Hind1, Sheelagh Heugh, Ephraim A Ansa-Addo

  • 1Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London, N7 8DB, UK.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
|August 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Plasma membrane-derived vesicles (PMVs) are cell fragments involved in thrombosis and phagocytosis. This review highlights variability in isolating red cell PMVs (RPMVs) due to inconsistent methods, hindering research.

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Plasma membrane-derived vesicles (PMVs) are released from blood cells.
  • PMVs carry parent cell markers and externalized phosphatidylserine, indicating biological distinctness.
  • These vesicles play roles in phagocytosis and thrombosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review variables in isolating red cell PMVs (RPMVs).
  • To highlight inconsistencies in pre-analytical steps affecting RPMV research.
  • To address the lack of standardization in RPMV preparation and detection methods.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies analyzing RPMVs.
  • Critical discussion of pre-analytical steps, including centrifugation and storage.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to result variability in RPMV detection.

Main Results:

  • Significant variation exists in centrifugation and sample storage protocols for RPMV isolation.
  • These inconsistencies lead to considerable variability in experimental results.
  • Standardization of RPMV preparation and detection methods has not been achieved.

Conclusions:

  • Inconsistent pre-analytical methods for RPMV isolation are a major source of data variability.
  • Standardization is crucial for reliable RPMV research and understanding their biological roles.
  • This review emphasizes the need for standardized protocols in the field.