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Related Concept Videos

Cell Lines01:16

Cell Lines

A cell line is a population of cells grown in vitro that can be subcultured over several generations. Normal cells cease to divide after a certain number of cell divisions, a process known as replicative senescence. This number, called the Hayflick limit, was conceptualized by Leonard Hayflick in 1961 when he observed that fetal cells grown in culture could only divide 40-60 times. This limit is due to the shortening of the telomeres during each round of cell division, preventing cell division...
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis01:28

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
Conversion of...
Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral chromosome underwent...
iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
GPCR Desensitization01:12

GPCR Desensitization

G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling plays a crucial role in cell functioning. GPCR desensitization is an equally essential process. It allows cells to respond to changing environments and regain sensitivity to new stimuli while preventing unnecessary stimulation when no longer needed. Prolonged exposure to stimuli leads to GPCR desensitization. It involves blocking the receptors from binding and activating additional G proteins. This inhibits activation of downstream effectors, thereby...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: December 1, 2023

MS and the B cell controversy.

Anne H Cross1, Emmanuelle Waubant

  • 1Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA. crossa@neuro.wustl.edu

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|August 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

B cell depletion with rituximab therapy rapidly reduced brain lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. This confirmed the significant role of B cells in MS pathogenesis, though their exact location of action remains under investigation.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Immunology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • The role of B cells in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis has been debated.
  • Evidence includes B cells, plasma cells, and immunoglobulins in MS lesions and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  • Higher CSF B cell and immunoglobulin levels correlate with more aggressive MS clinical courses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To confirm the key role of B cells in MS pathogenesis.
  • To evaluate the effects of B cell depletion using CD20-targeting monoclonal antibody therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Administration of rituximab, a monoclonal antibody targeting CD20 on B cells.
  • Monitoring of B cell levels in blood and CSF.
  • Assessment of brain MRI, specifically gadolinium-enhancing lesions.

Main Results:

  • Depletion of circulating B cells led to a rapid and significant reduction in gadolinium-enhancing brain lesions in relapsing MS.
  • B cell depletion in blood was accompanied by depletion in CSF.
  • Reduction in enhancing lesions was not associated with a decrease in CSF immunoglobulins.

Conclusions:

  • B cell depletion confirms their critical role in MS pathogenesis.
  • The precise location of B cell activity (peripheral, central nervous system, or both) requires further investigation.
  • Therapeutic B cell depletion impacts inflammatory lesion activity in MS.