B1 cells promote pancreas infiltration by autoreactive T cells

The entry of autoreactive T cells into the pancreas is a critical checkpoint in the development of autoimmune diabetes. In this study, we identify a role for B1 cells in this process using the DO11 x RIP-mOVA mouse model. In transgenic mice with islet-specific T cells, but no B cells, T cells are primed in the pancreatic lymph node but fail to enter the pancreas. Reconstitution of the B1 cell population by adoptive transfer permits extensive T cell pancreas infiltration. Reconstituted B1 cells traffic to the pancreas and modify expression of adhesion molecules on pancreatic vasculature, notably VCAM-1. Despite substantial pancreas infiltration, islet destruction is minimal unless regulatory T cells are depleted. These data identify a role for B1 cells in permitting circulating islet-specific T cells to access their Ag-bearing tissue and emphasize the existence of multiple checkpoints to regulate autoimmune disease.