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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...

Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs

A Surgical Model of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Tibetan Minipigs

Published on: February 18, 2022

The GH/IGF-1 Axis and Heart Failure.

Graziella Castellano¹, Flora Affuso, Pasquale Di Conza

¹Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.

Current Cardiology Reviews

|August 3, 2010

Summary

Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) impact heart function. While GH may benefit chronic heart failure patients, variable responses necessitate further research into GH resistance mechanisms.

Keywords:

Acromegaly Chronic heart failure GH deficiency.GH/IGF-1 axis

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Published on: August 10, 2018

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Endocrinology
Heart Failure Pathophysiology

Background:

The growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis is crucial for cardiac growth, contractility, and vascular regulation.
Dysregulation of the GH/IGF-1 axis is linked to cardiovascular derangements, including those seen in heart failure.
Previous studies suggest potential benefits of GH in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the role of the GH/IGF-1 axis in cardiovascular function.
To evaluate the existing evidence on GH treatment in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF).
To explore the reasons for conflicting results in GH therapy for heart failure.

Main Methods:

Literature review of experimental and clinical studies on the GH/IGF-1 axis and cardiovascular system.
Analysis of clinical trials investigating recombinant GH treatment in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and chronic heart failure (CHF).
Examination of studies assessing GH effects on exercise tolerance and cardiopulmonary performance in CHF.

Main Results:

GH/IGF-1 axis influences cardiac contractility, growth, and vascular resistance through various mechanisms.
Some studies show improved cardiac function and exercise capacity with GH treatment in CHF patients.
Conflicting results exist, potentially due to varying degrees of GH resistance in heart failure patients.

Conclusions:

The GH/IGF-1 axis plays a significant role in cardiovascular health and disease.
GH therapy shows promise for some chronic heart failure (CHF) patients, but outcomes are inconsistent.
Further clinical and experimental research is needed to elucidate mechanisms of variable GH sensitivity in heart failure.