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Neurulation01:30

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

A Highly Reproducible and Straightforward Method to Perform In Vivo Ocular Enucleation in the Mouse after Eye Opening
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Published on: October 6, 2014

Neuron division or enucleation.

O S Sotnikov1, A A Laktionova, I A Solovieva

  • 1Neuronal Functional Morphology and Physiology Laboratory, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology
|August 4, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Neuron division and fission phenomena observed in histological preparations are likely artifacts caused by actin microfilament inhibition, not true cell division. This study used cytochalasin B on mollusk neurons to demonstrate these effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Histology

Background:

  • The Bielschowsky-Gross method has been used to observe phenomena interpreted as neuron division.
  • These phenomena include budding and fission, previously unexplained in neuronal cells.
  • Enucleation effects in other cell types offer a potential parallel.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the morphological changes in neurons previously interpreted as division.
  • To determine the role of actin microfilaments in these observed phenomena.
  • To provide an alternative explanation for neuron "division" based on cytoskeletal disruption.

Main Methods:

  • Neurons from the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis were isolated and cultured.
  • Neurons were treated with cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of actin microfilaments.
  • Phase contrast time-lapse video recording was used to observe cellular changes over 4-8 hours.
  • Control experiments used dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), the solvent for cytochalasin B.

Main Results:

  • Cytochalasin B induced nuclear displacement, ectopization, and budding, resembling neuron fission.
  • These induced changes mimicked patterns seen in static preparations.
  • Cytoplasmic budding was observed in early experimental stages.
  • Control neurons treated with DMSO showed no significant changes.

Conclusions:

  • The observed neuron "division" and "fission" are likely artifacts of actin microfilament inhibition.
  • Inhibition of actin microfilaments disrupts the cytoskeleton, leading to these morphological changes.
  • Spontaneous cytoskeletal instability due to metabolic changes may also cause similar effects.