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Related Concept Videos

TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
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Published on: June 27, 2020

TGF-β function in immune suppression.

Akihiko Yoshimura1, Go Muto

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan. yoshimura@a6.keio.jp

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
|August 4, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a dual role in immunity, promoting tolerance by inducing regulatory T cells but also inflammation. Understanding TGF-β signaling pathways is crucial for immune balance.

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Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
07:07

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Human In Vitro Suppression as Screening Tool for the Recognition of an Early State of Immune Imbalance
14:01

Human In Vitro Suppression as Screening Tool for the Recognition of an Early State of Immune Imbalance

Published on: July 22, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is critical for immunological tolerance.
  • Recent findings highlight TGF-β's pro-inflammatory functions in immune responses.
  • TGF-β influences T cell differentiation into regulatory T cells (iTregs) or pathogenic Th17 cells, depending on cytokine context (e.g., IL-6).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying TGF-β-mediated immune suppression.
  • To investigate the distinct roles of Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways in TGF-β signaling.
  • To understand the interplay between TGF-β and inflammatory cytokines in maintaining immune homeostasis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of TGF-β signaling pathways.
  • Investigation of Smad2 and Smad3 involvement in Foxp3 induction and cytokine suppression.
  • Exploration of Smad-independent pathways in Th17 cell differentiation.

Main Results:

  • TGF-β induces Foxp3+ iTregs and suppresses T cell proliferation and cytokine production through Foxp3-dependent and independent mechanisms.
  • Smad2 and Smad3 are implicated in Foxp3 induction and cytokine suppression.
  • Th17 differentiation is promoted via a Smad-independent pathway.
  • Mutual suppression between TGF-β and inflammatory cytokine signaling is vital for immune balance.

Conclusions:

  • TGF-β exhibits context-dependent roles in immunity, capable of both suppressing and promoting inflammation.
  • Smad proteins are key mediators of TGF-β's suppressive functions, while Smad-independent pathways drive Th17 differentiation.
  • Understanding these complex signaling networks is essential for modulating immune responses and treating immune-related disorders.