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Radical Reactivity: Overview

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Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired molecule. These three...

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

Cycloaddition Reactions: Overview

Cycloadditions are one of the most valuable and effective synthesis routes to form cyclic compounds. These are concerted pericyclic reactions between two unsaturated compounds resulting in a cyclic product with two new σ bonds formed at the expense of π bonds. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition, known as the Diels–Alder reaction, is the most common. The other example is a [2 + 2] cycloaddition.

Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation

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Thermal cycloadditions are reactions where the source of activation energy needed to initiate the reaction is provided in the form of heat. A typical example of a thermally-allowed cycloaddition is the Diels–Alder reaction, which is a [4 + 2] cycloaddition. In contrast, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition is thermally forbidden.

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

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Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...

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[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction

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The Diels–Alder reaction is an example of a thermal pericyclic reaction between a conjugated diene and an alkene or alkyne, commonly referred to as a dienophile. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six π electrons, four from the diene and two from the dienophile, forming an unsaturated six-membered ring. As a result, these reactions are classified as [4+2] cycloadditions.

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Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

Versatile CO₂ Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

Published on: November 9, 2019

Search for complexity generating chemical transformations by combining connectivity analysis and cascade

Grazyna Nowak¹, Grzegorz Fic

¹Departments of Physical Chemistry and Computer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powstancow Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland. gnowak@prz.edu.pl

Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling

|August 5, 2010

Summary

This study introduces a novel strategy combining backward and forward search for chemical synthesis planning. It efficiently discovers shortest synthetic pathways using multibond forming cascade reactions.

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Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

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Area of Science:

Computational Chemistry
Organic Synthesis
Chemical Informatics

Background:

Retrosynthetic analysis is a powerful strategy for chemical synthesis planning.
Topology-based complexity estimation advances shortest transformation sequence discovery.
Current methods may benefit from integrated forward and backward search strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose an alternative strategy combining backward and forward search for chemical synthesis planning.
To develop a mathematical model for generating chemical transformations.
To discover shortest synthetic pathways using multibond forming cascade transformations.

Main Methods:

Developed a new concept of the strategic bond tree for multibond disconnections.
Employed biomimetic transformation patterns for one-pot multibond forming reactions.
Implemented the algorithm into the CSB system for performance analysis.

Main Results:

The proposed strategy combines backward and forward search effectively.
Demonstrated performance with examples of published complex molecule syntheses.
Identified shortest synthetic pathways based on cascade transformations.

Conclusions:

The strategy offers an efficient approach to chemical synthesis design.
Enables the generation of synthetically accessible product libraries.
Provides a powerful tool for discovering optimal synthetic routes.