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Sudden cardiac death athletes: a systematic review
Marcelo Ferreira1, Paulo Roberto Santos-Silva, Luiz Carlos de Abreu
1Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina de Cardiologia, Núcleo de Saúde no Esporte, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brasil. celsoferreira.dmed@epm.br.
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in athletes is a serious concern. Pre-participation cardiovascular screening is crucial for identifying risks and minimizing SCD in young athletes.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Sports Medicine
- Public Health
Background:
- Sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains a significant challenge for cardiologists, particularly in athletic populations.
- An update on SCD in athletes is necessary due to its ongoing impact.
Purpose of the Study:
- To describe the phenomenon of sudden cardiac death in athletes.
- To review the incidence, causes, and preventive strategies for SCD in athletes.
Main Methods:
- Literature search of Medline (PubMed) and SciELO databases.
- Keywords used: "sudden death, athletes and mortality".
Main Results:
- The incidence of SCD is approximately one case per 200,000 young athletes annually.
- Causes vary by age: congenital heart abnormalities in athletes <35 years, and coronary heart disease (atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia, infarction) in athletes >35 years (80% of cases).
- Complex interactions of arrhythmogenic substrate, regulatory, and trigger factors contribute to SCD.
Conclusions:
- Pre-participation athlete evaluations are vital for detecting at-risk individuals with cardiovascular diseases.
- Regular cardiologic examinations before competition are essential for mitigating the risk of sudden cardiac death in athletes.
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