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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation
07:17

Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation

Published on: April 14, 2016

HIV and bone disease.

Benjamin Stone1, David Dockrell, Christine Bowman

  • 1Metabolic Bone Centre, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield S5 7AU, UK.

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
|August 5, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

HIV management has improved survival, but bone disease is a growing concern. Further research is needed to assess fracture risk and develop effective bone treatments for HIV patients.

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Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment
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Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment

Published on: June 23, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation
07:17

Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation

Published on: April 14, 2016

Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment
07:21

Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment

Published on: June 23, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Bone metabolism and osteoporosis
  • Infectious diseases and immunology

Background:

  • Improved human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) management has reduced mortality.
  • Long-term complications, including bone disease, are now a significant concern for HIV-infected individuals.
  • Reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture incidence are observed in HIV-positive populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the increasing recognition of bone disease as a long-term complication in HIV management.
  • To discuss potential causes of bone disease in HIV-infected individuals, including risk factors, direct HIV effects, and antiretroviral therapy (ART).
  • To emphasize the need for improved assessment strategies and the development of specific preventative and therapeutic interventions for bone disease in HIV.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current understanding of bone disease in HIV.
  • Discussion of potential contributing factors to reduced BMD and fracture risk.
  • Analysis of existing data on treatment strategies.

Main Results:

  • HIV-positive individuals exhibit increased prevalence of reduced BMD and fracture incidence compared to HIV-negative controls.
  • Multiple factors contribute to bone disease, including pre-existing risk factors, HIV infection itself, and ART.
  • Current assessment of bone disease and fracture risk in HIV is inadequate, lacking clear guidance.

Conclusions:

  • Bone disease is a critical long-term complication requiring attention in HIV care.
  • Development of specific diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for bone health in HIV is essential.
  • Further research, including larger, longer studies on bisphosphonates, vitamin D, and calcium, is needed to evaluate treatment efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness.