Distribution of late potentials within infarct scars assessed by ultra high-density mapping
Shiro Nakahara1, Roderick Tung, Rafael J Ramirez
1UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1679, USA.
Background:
Late potential (LP) electrograms represent areas of slow conduction and are often sites critical to reentrant tachycardia circuits. The distribution of LPs within infarct scar is not known.
Objective:
The purpose of this study was to delineate infarct heterogeneity using ultra high-density mapping and to determine the location of LPs with respect to scar architecture.
Methods:
Detailed endocardial (n = 21) and epicardial (n = 8) ultra high-density mapping was performed to delineate the substrate for ventricular tachycardia (VT) in 21 patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. LP was defined as a low-voltage electrogram (< 1.5 mV) with distinct onset after the QRS. Very late potentials (vLPs) were classified as LPs with onset > 100 ms after the QRS.
Results:
A mean of 787 ± 391 and 810 ± 375 points in the LV endocardium and epicardium were sampled. Multipolar mapping identified heterogeneous islets (HIs) with relatively preserved electrogram amplitudes (≥ 0.51 mv) within dense scar (8.5 ± 4.9/4.5 ± 2.6 HIs per endocardium/epicardium) in all patients. In maps on which putative VT isthmuses were identified (25/29), 57% of vLP were recorded in or adjacent to HI. An LP-targeted ablation strategy combined with pace mapping achieved acute success in all patients (complete success in 52% and partial success in 48%). After 15 ± 7 months, 65% of patients remained free of VT episodes.
Conclusion:
Ultra high-density mapping with a multipolar catheter facilitates the delineation of heterogeneous scar architecture at higher resolution. Electrograms within and adjacent to HIs have a higher incidence of vLP, and these sites are frequently critical to reentry. These findings have important implications for substrate-based ablation strategies.
