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Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...

Heterochromatin

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at 9th...

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3 variants are also...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Analysis of Histone Antibody Specificity with Peptide Microarrays

Analysis of Histone Antibody Specificity with Peptide Microarrays

Published on: August 1, 2017

The significance, development and progress of high-throughput combinatorial histone code analysis.

Nicolas L Young¹, Peter A Dimaggio, Benjamin A Garcia

¹Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 415 Schultz Laboratory, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS

|August 5, 2010

Summary

Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) form a combinatorial histone code crucial for gene regulation. Recent advancements enable rapid, quantitative analysis of this code, overcoming previous technical challenges.

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Epigenetics
Genomics

Background:

Chromatin, the physiological state of eukaryotic DNA, is organized by nucleosomes.
Histones within nucleosomes undergo post-translational modifications (PTMs) that regulate gene transcription and epigenetics.
Combinations of histone PTMs form a 'histone code' storing and transducing biological signals.

Purpose of the Study:

To review historical and recent advancements in analyzing combinatorial histone codes.
To highlight progress in developing rapid, quantitative, and sensitive methods for histone code analysis.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on histone modifications and analytical techniques.
Discussion of emerging technologies for high-throughput histone code profiling.

Main Results:

Historically, combinatorial histone code analysis was laborious and limited in scale.
Recent technological progress allows for faster, more sensitive, and quantitative measurement of histone codes.

Conclusions:

Routine and rapid analysis of combinatorial histone codes is becoming feasible.
Advancements facilitate deeper understanding of epigenetic regulation and DNA-templated processes.