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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra. Schrödinger...
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

Quantum entanglement between an optical photon and a solid-state spin qubit.

E Togan1, Y Chu, A S Trifonov

  • 1Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.

Nature
|August 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers achieved quantum entanglement between a single optical photon and a solid-state qubit. This breakthrough in quantum networks utilizes a nitrogen vacancy center in diamond for advanced quantum communication and fundamental research.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Physics
  • Quantum Information Science
  • Solid-State Physics

Background:

  • Quantum entanglement is a key phenomenon in quantum mechanics, crucial for quantum information processing.
  • Entangled photons are vital for quantum cryptography and fundamental tests of quantum mechanics.
  • Previous research entangled photons with atoms and ions for quantum networks, but solid-state integration remained a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish quantum entanglement between a single optical photon and a solid-state qubit.
  • To demonstrate a novel entanglement source for quantum optical networks.
  • To showcase advanced control over light-matter interactions in solid-state systems.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a single optical photon entangled with the spin of a nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in diamond.
  • Employed the quantum eraser technique for experimental verification of entanglement.
  • Focused on the polarization of the photon and the electronic spin of the NV center.

Main Results:

  • Successfully realized quantum entanglement between a photon's polarization and a solid-state qubit (NV center).
  • Demonstrated a high degree of control in the interaction between the solid-state qubit and the quantum light field.
  • Verified entanglement using the quantum eraser technique, confirming the quantum correlations.

Conclusions:

  • The developed entanglement source is a significant step towards solid-state quantum optical networks.
  • This work provides a key building block for future quantum communication and computation systems.
  • The demonstrated control over light-matter interactions opens new avenues for fundamental quantum studies.