A carbon nanohorn-porphyrin supramolecular assembly for photoinduced electron-transfer processes

A supramolecular assembly of zinc porphyrin-carbon nanohorns (CNHs) was constructed in a polar solvent. An ammonium cation was covalently connected to the CNH through a spacer (sp) (CNH-sp-NH(3)(+)) and bound to a crown ether linked to a zinc porphyrin (Crown-ZnP). Nanohybrids CNH-sp-NH(3)(+);Crown-ZnP and CNH-sp-NH(3)(+) were characterized by several techniques, such as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The photoinduced electron-transfer processes of the nanohybrids have been confirmed by using time-resolved absorption and fluorescence measurements by combining the steady-state spectral data. Fluorescence quenching of the ZnP unit by CNH-sp-NH(3)(+) has been observed, therefore, photoinduced charge separation through the excited singlet state of the ZnP unit is suggested for the hybrid material, CNH-sp-NH(3)(+);Crown-ZnP. As transient absorption spectral experiments reveal the formation of the radical cation of the ZnP unit, electron generation is suggested as a counterpart of the charge-separation on the CNHs; such an electron on the CNHs is further confirmed by migrating to the hexylviologen dication (HV(2+)). Accumulation of the electron captured from HV(*+) is observed as electron pooling in solution in the presence of a hole-shifting reagent. Photovoltaic performance with moderate efficiency is confirmed for CNH-sp-NH(3)(+);Crown-ZnP deposited onto nanostructured SnO(2) films.