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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers. Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
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IR Spectrometers

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...

Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS)

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Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) is the combination of analytical techniques of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry in a single instrument for analyzing a mixture of compounds. The gas chromatograph separates the compounds in the mixture, and the mass spectrometer analyzes each compound separately to determine the molecular masses and molecular structures.
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The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell. Samples for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C₂, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

Published on: February 14, 2014

A new all-digital time differential gamma-gamma angular correlation spectrometer.

Matthias Nagl¹, Ulrich Vetter, Michael Uhrmacher

¹II. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. mnagl@uni-goettingen.de

The Review of Scientific Instruments

|August 7, 2010

Summary

A new digital spectrometer offers enhanced performance for measuring gamma photons, improving time resolution and data processing capabilities for nuclear physics research. This advanced system enables simultaneous measurement of complex decay events without prior configuration.

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Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

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Visualization of Low-Level Gamma Radiation Sources Using a Low-Cost, High-Sensitivity, Omnidirectional Compton Camera

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Published on: January 30, 2020

Area of Science:

Nuclear Physics
Spectroscopy
Instrumentation

Background:

Traditional digital spectrometers face limitations in performance and handling.
Previous digital approaches required extensive premeasurement configuration.
Simultaneous measurement of complex decay cascades was challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a novel digital time differential perturbed angular correlation spectrometer.
To overcome limitations of existing digital spectrometer designs.
To improve performance, handling, and data acquisition capabilities.

Main Methods:

Development of a digital spectrometer for measuring energy and coincidence time of correlated gamma photons.
Separation of data recording and evaluation processes.
Utilizing Lu(1.8)Y(0.2)SiO(5):Ce (LYSO) scintillators for performance testing.

Main Results:

Achieved a time resolution of 460 ps (with Co-60 and LYSO scintillators), better than 100 ps otherwise.
Obtained energy resolution limited by the scintillation material.
Demonstrated processing capability exceeding 200,000 gamma quanta per second per detector.

Conclusions:

The new digital spectrometer offers significant improvements in performance and flexibility.
The system allows simultaneous measurement of multiple gamma-ray cascades.
Potential applications extend to nuclear spectroscopy, PET, and time-of-flight studies.